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course of least resistance

  • 1 путь наименьшего сопротивления

    1) General subject: the path of least resistance
    2) Computers: path of least effort
    3) Information technology: patch of least effort

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > путь наименьшего сопротивления

  • 2 Л-73

    ИДТЙ/ПОЙТИ ПО ЛИНИИ (ПО ПУТИ) НАИМЕНЬШЕГО СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЯ VP subj: hu man the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO
    to choose the easiest course of action, avoiding difficulties, trouble
    X идёт по линии наименьшего сопротивления - X takes (follows, chooses) the line (the path, the course) of least resistance.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Л-73

  • 3 идти по линии наименьшего сопротивления

    • ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ ПО ЛИНИИ < ПО ПУТИ> НАИМЕНЬШЕГО СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: hu man; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to choose the easiest course of action, avoiding difficulties, trouble:
    - X идёт по линии наименьшего сопротивления≈ X takes (follows, chooses) the line (the path, the course) of least resistance.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > идти по линии наименьшего сопротивления

  • 4 идти по пути наименьшего сопротивления

    • ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ ПО ЛИНИИ < ПО ПУТИ> НАИМЕНЬШЕГО СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: hu man; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to choose the easiest course of action, avoiding difficulties, trouble:
    - X идёт по линии наименьшего сопротивления≈ X takes (follows, chooses) the line (the path, the course) of least resistance.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > идти по пути наименьшего сопротивления

  • 5 пойти по линии наименьшего сопротивления

    • ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ ПО ЛИНИИ < ПО ПУТИ> НАИМЕНЬШЕГО СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: hu man; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to choose the easiest course of action, avoiding difficulties, trouble:
    - X идёт по линии наименьшего сопротивления≈ X takes (follows, chooses) the line (the path, the course) of least resistance.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пойти по линии наименьшего сопротивления

  • 6 пойти по пути наименьшего сопротивления

    • ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ ПО ЛИНИИ < ПО ПУТИ> НАИМЕНЬШЕГО СОПРОТИВЛЕНИЯ
    [VP; subj: hu man; the verb may take the final position, otherwise fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ to choose the easiest course of action, avoiding difficulties, trouble:
    - X идёт по линии наименьшего сопротивления≈ X takes (follows, chooses) the line (the path, the course) of least resistance.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пойти по пути наименьшего сопротивления

  • 7 camino

    m.
    1 path, track (sendero).
    camino de Santiago Milky Way; (astronomy) = pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela (religion)
    camino trillado well-trodden path
    2 way.
    el camino de la estación the way to the station
    camino de on the way to
    está camino de la capital it's on the way to the capital
    a estas horas ya estarán en camino they'll be on their way by now
    me pilla de camino it's on my way
    en el o de camino on the way
    por este camino this way
    3 journey (viaje).
    nos espera un largo camino we have a long journey ahead of us
    ponerse en camino to set off
    4 road, footpath, pathway, track.
    5 cart track, cart road.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: caminar.
    * * *
    1 (vía) path, track
    2 (ruta) way, route
    3 (viaje) journey
    \
    a medio camino half-way
    abrir camino to clear the way (a, for)
    abrir el camino to clear the way (a, for)
    abrirse camino to make one's way
    abrirse camino en la vida to get on in life
    coger de camino / pillar de camino to be on the way
    estar en camino to be on the way
    ir camino de to be on one's way to
    ir por (el) buen/mal camino figurado to be on the right/wrong track
    llevar buen camino to be on the right track
    llevar camino de to be on the way to, be heading for, look set to
    ponerse en camino to set off (on a journey)
    camino de herradura bridle path
    camino forestal forest track
    el camino del éxito figurado the road to success
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) road, path, track
    2) way
    * * *
    SM
    1) [sin asfaltar] track; (=sendero) path; (=carretera) road

    Caminos, Canales y Puertos — (Univ) Civil Engineering

    camino de ingresos, camino de peaje — toll road

    camino de rosas, la vida no es ningún camino de rosas — life's no bed of roses

    camino forestal — forest track; [para paseos] forest trail

    = Camino de Santiago

    camino trillado, caminos turísticos no trillados — tourist routes that are off the beaten track

    experimentan con nuevas técnicas, huyen de los caminos trillados — they are experimenting with new techniques and avoiding conventional approaches o the well-trodden paths

    este escritor ha recorrido los caminos trillados de sus antecesores — this writer has been down the well-trodden paths followed by his predecessors

    2) (=ruta)
    a) (lit) way, route; (=viaje) journey

    ¿sabes el camino a su casa? — do you know the way to his house?

    ¿cuánto camino hay de aquí a San José? — how far is it from here to San José?

    • abrirse camino entre la multitud — to make one's way through the crowd

    • de camino a, lo puedo recoger de camino al trabajo — I can collect it on my way to work

    • echar camino adelante — to strike out

    • en el camino — on the way, en route

    tienen dos niños, y otro en camino — they have two children, and another on the way

    • a medio camino — halfway (there)

    a medio camino paramos para comer — halfway there, we stopped to eat

    • se quedaron a mitad de camino — they only got halfway (there)

    b) (fig) (=medio) path, course

    • el camino a seguir, yo te explico el camino a seguir — I'll tell you the way o route

    allanar el camino —

    ir camino de —

    traer a algn por buen camino — (=orientar) to put sb on the right track o road; (=desengañar) to set sb straight

    quedarse en el camino —

    un 70% sacó el diploma y el resto se quedó en el camino — 70 per cent of them got the diploma, the rest didn't make it

    no me fijo en mis rivales, yo sigo por mi camino — I don't take any notice of what my rivals are doing, I just do my own thing

    3) (Inform) path
    4) And, Cono Sur (=alfombra, tapete) runner, strip of carpet o matting
    CAMINO DE SANTIAGO The Camino de Santiago is a medieval pilgrim route stretching from the Pyrenees to Santiago de Compostela in northwest Spain, where tradition has it that the body of Saint James the Apostle (Spain's patron saint) is buried. Those who had made the long, dangerous journey returned proudly wearing on their hat or cloak the venera or concha (scallop shell) traditionally associated with this pilgrimage - Saint James' body had reportedly been found covered in scallops. Today this symbolic shell can still be seen all along the Camino de Santiago, carved on ancient buildings and painted on modern-day road signs marking the historic route for the benefit of tourists and pilgrims. In astronomy the Camino de Santiago is another name for the Vía Láctea (Milky Way), hence the title of Buñuel's famous satirical film about the route to Compostela.
    * * *
    1) ( de tierra) track; ( sendero) path; ( en general) road

    abrir nuevos caminos — to break new o fresh ground

    allanar or preparar or abrir el camino — to pave the way, prepare the ground

    el camino trillado — the well-worn o well-trodden path

    la vida no es un camino de rosas — life is no bed of roses

    tener el camino trillado: tenía el camino trillado he'd had the ground prepared for him; todos los caminos llevan or conducen a Roma — all roads lead to Rome

    2)
    a) (ruta, dirección) way

    me salieron al camino — asaltantes they blocked my path o way; amigos/niños they came out to meet me

    el camino a la fama — the road o path to fame

    se me fue por mal camino or por el otro camino — it went down the wrong way

    abrir camino a algo — to clear the way for something

    abrirse camino — to make one's way

    buen/mal camino: este niño va por mal camino or lleva mal camino this boy's heading for trouble; ibas por or llevabas buen camino pero te equivocaste you were on the right track but you made a mistake; las negociaciones van por or llevan muy buen camino the negotiations are going extremely well; llevar a alguien por mal camino to lead somebody astray; cruzarse en el camino de alguien: superó todos los obstáculos que se le cruzaron en el camino he overcame all the problems that arose; errar el camino to be in the wrong job o the wrong line of work; tirar por el camino de en medio — to take the middle path

    b) (trayecto, viaje)

    llevamos 300 kms/una hora de camino — we've done 300 kms/been traveling for an hour

    todavía estamos a o nos quedan dos horas de camino — we still have two hours to go

    paramos a mitad de camino or a medio camino — we stopped halfway

    cortar o acortar camino — to take a shortcut

    a mitad de or a medio camino — halfway through

    camino de/a: me encontré con él camino del or al mercado I ran into him on the o on my way to the market; ya vamos camino del invierno winter's on the way o on its way; llevar or ir camino de algo: una tradición que va camino de desaparecer a tradition which looks set to disappear; de camino on the way to; pilla de camino it's on the way; me queda de camino I pass it on my way; de camino a on the way; está de camino a la estación it is on the way to the station; en el camino or de camino al trabajo on my/his/her way o the way to work; en camino on the way; tiene un niño y otro en camino she has one child and another on the way; deben estar ya en camino they must be on their way already; por el camino — on the way

    •
    * * *
    = avenue, path, road, route, footpath, lane, pathway, way.
    Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbersome.
    Ex. Use of Woolston Library has declined slightly: the area is isolated by the River Itchen, a busy main road, and a natural escarpment.
    Ex. Each packet includes the address of the final destination, and the packets travel separately, perhaps taking different routes through the network.
    Ex. Equivalence relationships normally imply the selection of one form as the preferred term, as we have seen, so we make a cross-reference pointing from the non-preferred term to the preferred term: footpaths See Trails; Bovines USE Cattle.
    Ex. The title of the article is 'Changing lanes on the information superhighway: academic libraries and the Internet'.
    Ex. This system automates the scientific task of determining the pathway of steps underlying a chemical reaction.
    Ex. He has chosen self-denial and altruism as the way to follow.
    ----
    * abrir camino a = make + way (for).
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrirse camino = plough through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into, foist + Posesivo + way into, make + Posesivo + way in the world.
    * abrirse camino (a empujones) = push + Posesivo + way across/into.
    * abrirse camino en el mundo = make + Posesivo + way in the world.
    * abrirse camino en la vida = get on in + life.
    * abrir un camino = chart + direction.
    * al borde del camino = at the roadside.
    * alto en el camino = stopover.
    * a medio camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a mitad de camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = midway between, half way between... and....
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = astride... and....
    * andar camino trillado = tread + well-worn ground.
    * apartarse del buen camino = go off + the rails, stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.
    * borde del camino = roadside, wayside.
    * buen camino, el = straight and narrow (path), the.
    * buscar el camino = wind + Posesivo + way.
    * cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * camino apartado = byway.
    * camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.
    * camino correcto, el = way forward, the.
    * camino de acceso = approach path.
    * camino definido = charted route.
    * camino de herradura = bridle path, bridleway.
    * camino de la verdad, el = straight and narrow (path), the.
    * camino de tierra = dirt track, dirt road.
    * camino elevado = causeway.
    * camino hacia el estrellato = road to stardom.
    * camino hacia la fama = road to stardom.
    * camino largo y difícil = long haul.
    * camino largo y tortuoso = long and winding road.
    * camino lleno de baches = bumpy road.
    * camino más fácil, el = path of least resistance, the.
    * camino muy largo = circuitous route.
    * camino pecuario = cattle lane.
    * camino por recorrer, el = road ahead, the.
    * camino rural = country lane, country road.
    * camino seguro al desastre = blueprint for disaster.
    * camino seguro al éxito = blueprint for success.
    * camino seguro al fracaso = blueprint for failure.
    * camino sin rumbo = the road to nowhere.
    * camino trillado = worn path, beaten road.
    * camino vecinal = country road, minor road, back road.
    * construcción de caminos = road construction.
    * continuar + Posesivo camino = continue on + Posesivo + way.
    * cruce de caminos = crossroads, fork in the road.
    * cruzar en el camino de Alguien = cross + Posesivo + path.
    * cruzársele a Uno en el camino = come + Posesivo + way.
    * de camino = on the way, while we're at it.
    * de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.
    * descanso en el camino = rest stop.
    * desviarse del buen camino = go off + the rails.
    * detener en el camino = waylay.
    * detenerse en el camino = stop along + the way.
    * detenerse en el lado del camino = pull over.
    * el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * el camino correcto = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * el camino hacia + Nombre + está lleno de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.
    * el camino hacia + Nombre + está plagado de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.
    * el camino por recorrer = the way ahead.
    * el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.
    * el camino recorrido = the road travelled so far.
    * el camino se hace andando = actions speak louder than words.
    * elegir el camino más fácil = take + the path of least resistance.
    * en camino = on the way.
    * encontrar el camino = wayfinding.
    * encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.
    * estar a medio camino entre... y... = lie + midway between... and....
    * estar de camino a = be on the road to.
    * estar en camino de = be on the way to.
    * fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.
    * hacerse camino = foist + Posesivo + way into.
    * hacer una parada en el camino = stop along + the way.
    * hallar el camino de la verdad = think + Posesivo + way to the truth.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * indicar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * ingeniería de caminos = civil engineering.
    * ingeniero de caminos = civil engineer.
    * ir por buen camino = be on the right track.
    * ir por el buen camino = be right on track.
    * ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * junto al camino = by the roadside.
    * lado del camino = wayside.
    * ¡la vida no es un camino de rosas! = the course of true love never did run smooth!.
    * llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.
    * llevar por el camino de = lead + Pronombre + down the road to.
    * llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.
    * llevar por mal camino = mislead.
    * mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * marcar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * mostrar el camino = blaze + the way, light + the way.
    * mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * mostrar el camino para = point + the way to, show + the way to.
    * no apartarse del buen camino = keep on + the right track.
    * parada en el camino = rest stop, stop along the way.
    * parapeto del camino = road bank.
    * pararse en el lado del camino = pull over.
    * perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.
    * por buen camino = a step in the right direction.
    * por caminos apartados = off-road.
    * por mal camino = astray.
    * preparar el camino = set + the scene, smooth + the way, open + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), pave + the way (for/towards/to), pave + the road (for/towards/to).
    * preparar el camino para = smooth + the path of.
    * quedarse en el camino = fall by + the wayside.
    * retomar el camino = get back on + Posesivo + path.
    * retomar su camino = get back on + track.
    * seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * seguir este camino = go along + this road.
    * seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.
    * seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.
    * seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.
    * un camino largo y difícil = a long haul.
    * volver a su camino = get back on + track, get back on + Posesivo + path.
    * * *
    1) ( de tierra) track; ( sendero) path; ( en general) road

    abrir nuevos caminos — to break new o fresh ground

    allanar or preparar or abrir el camino — to pave the way, prepare the ground

    el camino trillado — the well-worn o well-trodden path

    la vida no es un camino de rosas — life is no bed of roses

    tener el camino trillado: tenía el camino trillado he'd had the ground prepared for him; todos los caminos llevan or conducen a Roma — all roads lead to Rome

    2)
    a) (ruta, dirección) way

    me salieron al camino — asaltantes they blocked my path o way; amigos/niños they came out to meet me

    el camino a la fama — the road o path to fame

    se me fue por mal camino or por el otro camino — it went down the wrong way

    abrir camino a algo — to clear the way for something

    abrirse camino — to make one's way

    buen/mal camino: este niño va por mal camino or lleva mal camino this boy's heading for trouble; ibas por or llevabas buen camino pero te equivocaste you were on the right track but you made a mistake; las negociaciones van por or llevan muy buen camino the negotiations are going extremely well; llevar a alguien por mal camino to lead somebody astray; cruzarse en el camino de alguien: superó todos los obstáculos que se le cruzaron en el camino he overcame all the problems that arose; errar el camino to be in the wrong job o the wrong line of work; tirar por el camino de en medio — to take the middle path

    b) (trayecto, viaje)

    llevamos 300 kms/una hora de camino — we've done 300 kms/been traveling for an hour

    todavía estamos a o nos quedan dos horas de camino — we still have two hours to go

    paramos a mitad de camino or a medio camino — we stopped halfway

    cortar o acortar camino — to take a shortcut

    a mitad de or a medio camino — halfway through

    camino de/a: me encontré con él camino del or al mercado I ran into him on the o on my way to the market; ya vamos camino del invierno winter's on the way o on its way; llevar or ir camino de algo: una tradición que va camino de desaparecer a tradition which looks set to disappear; de camino on the way to; pilla de camino it's on the way; me queda de camino I pass it on my way; de camino a on the way; está de camino a la estación it is on the way to the station; en el camino or de camino al trabajo on my/his/her way o the way to work; en camino on the way; tiene un niño y otro en camino she has one child and another on the way; deben estar ya en camino they must be on their way already; por el camino — on the way

    •
    * * *
    = avenue, path, road, route, footpath, lane, pathway, way.

    Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.

    Ex: It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbersome.
    Ex: Use of Woolston Library has declined slightly: the area is isolated by the River Itchen, a busy main road, and a natural escarpment.
    Ex: Each packet includes the address of the final destination, and the packets travel separately, perhaps taking different routes through the network.
    Ex: Equivalence relationships normally imply the selection of one form as the preferred term, as we have seen, so we make a cross-reference pointing from the non-preferred term to the preferred term: footpaths See Trails; Bovines USE Cattle.
    Ex: The title of the article is 'Changing lanes on the information superhighway: academic libraries and the Internet'.
    Ex: This system automates the scientific task of determining the pathway of steps underlying a chemical reaction.
    Ex: He has chosen self-denial and altruism as the way to follow.
    * abrir camino a = make + way (for).
    * abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.
    * abrirse camino = plough through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into, foist + Posesivo + way into, make + Posesivo + way in the world.
    * abrirse camino (a empujones) = push + Posesivo + way across/into.
    * abrirse camino en el mundo = make + Posesivo + way in the world.
    * abrirse camino en la vida = get on in + life.
    * abrir un camino = chart + direction.
    * al borde del camino = at the roadside.
    * alto en el camino = stopover.
    * a medio camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a mitad de camino = halfway [half-way/half way].
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = midway between, half way between... and....
    * a mitad de camino entre... y... = astride... and....
    * andar camino trillado = tread + well-worn ground.
    * apartarse del buen camino = go off + the rails, stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.
    * borde del camino = roadside, wayside.
    * buen camino, el = straight and narrow (path), the.
    * buscar el camino = wind + Posesivo + way.
    * cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.
    * camino apartado = byway.
    * camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.
    * camino correcto, el = way forward, the.
    * camino de acceso = approach path.
    * camino definido = charted route.
    * camino de herradura = bridle path, bridleway.
    * camino de la verdad, el = straight and narrow (path), the.
    * camino de tierra = dirt track, dirt road.
    * camino elevado = causeway.
    * camino hacia el estrellato = road to stardom.
    * camino hacia la fama = road to stardom.
    * camino largo y difícil = long haul.
    * camino largo y tortuoso = long and winding road.
    * camino lleno de baches = bumpy road.
    * camino más fácil, el = path of least resistance, the.
    * camino muy largo = circuitous route.
    * camino pecuario = cattle lane.
    * camino por recorrer, el = road ahead, the.
    * camino rural = country lane, country road.
    * camino seguro al desastre = blueprint for disaster.
    * camino seguro al éxito = blueprint for success.
    * camino seguro al fracaso = blueprint for failure.
    * camino sin rumbo = the road to nowhere.
    * camino trillado = worn path, beaten road.
    * camino vecinal = country road, minor road, back road.
    * construcción de caminos = road construction.
    * continuar + Posesivo camino = continue on + Posesivo + way.
    * cruce de caminos = crossroads, fork in the road.
    * cruzar en el camino de Alguien = cross + Posesivo + path.
    * cruzársele a Uno en el camino = come + Posesivo + way.
    * de camino = on the way, while we're at it.
    * de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.
    * descanso en el camino = rest stop.
    * desviarse del buen camino = go off + the rails.
    * detener en el camino = waylay.
    * detenerse en el camino = stop along + the way.
    * detenerse en el lado del camino = pull over.
    * el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * el camino correcto = the way ahead, the way to go.
    * el camino hacia + Nombre + está lleno de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.
    * el camino hacia + Nombre + está plagado de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.
    * el camino por recorrer = the way ahead.
    * el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.
    * el camino recorrido = the road travelled so far.
    * el camino se hace andando = actions speak louder than words.
    * elegir el camino más fácil = take + the path of least resistance.
    * en camino = on the way.
    * encontrar el camino = wayfinding.
    * encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.
    * en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.
    * estar a medio camino entre... y... = lie + midway between... and....
    * estar de camino a = be on the road to.
    * estar en camino de = be on the way to.
    * fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.
    * hacerse camino = foist + Posesivo + way into.
    * hacer una parada en el camino = stop along + the way.
    * hallar el camino de la verdad = think + Posesivo + way to the truth.
    * indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.
    * indicar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * ingeniería de caminos = civil engineering.
    * ingeniero de caminos = civil engineer.
    * ir por buen camino = be on the right track.
    * ir por el buen camino = be right on track.
    * ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * junto al camino = by the roadside.
    * lado del camino = wayside.
    * ¡la vida no es un camino de rosas! = the course of true love never did run smooth!.
    * llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.
    * llevar por el camino de = lead + Pronombre + down the road to.
    * llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.
    * llevar por mal camino = mislead.
    * mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * marcar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.
    * mostrar el camino = blaze + the way, light + the way.
    * mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.
    * mostrar el camino para = point + the way to, show + the way to.
    * no apartarse del buen camino = keep on + the right track.
    * parada en el camino = rest stop, stop along the way.
    * parapeto del camino = road bank.
    * pararse en el lado del camino = pull over.
    * perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.
    * por buen camino = a step in the right direction.
    * por caminos apartados = off-road.
    * por mal camino = astray.
    * preparar el camino = set + the scene, smooth + the way, open + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), pave + the way (for/towards/to), pave + the road (for/towards/to).
    * preparar el camino para = smooth + the path of.
    * quedarse en el camino = fall by + the wayside.
    * retomar el camino = get back on + Posesivo + path.
    * retomar su camino = get back on + track.
    * seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.
    * seguir este camino = go along + this road.
    * seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.
    * seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.
    * seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.
    * un camino largo y difícil = a long haul.
    * volver a su camino = get back on + track, get back on + Posesivo + path.

    * * *
    camino Camino de Santiago (↑ camino a1)
    A (de tierra) track; (sendero) path; (en general) road
    sigan por ese camino continue along that path ( o road etc)
    han abierto/hecho un caminito a través del bosque they've opened up/made a path o little track through the wood
    están todos los caminos cortados all the roads are blocked
    abrir nuevos caminos to break new o fresh ground
    allanar or preparar or abrir el camino to pave the way, prepare the ground
    el camino trillado the well-worn o well-trodden path
    la vida no es un camino de rosas life is no bed of roses, life isn't a bowl of cherries
    tener el camino trillado: tenía el camino trillado he'd had the ground prepared for him
    todos los caminos llevan or conducen a Roma: por todos los caminos se va a Roma all roads lead to Rome
    el camino del infierno está empedrado de buenas intenciones the road to hell is paved o strewn with good intentions
    Compuestos:
    bridle path
    towpath
    ( Hist) highway
    ● Caminos, Canales y Puertos
    civil engineering ingeniero
    B
    1 (ruta, dirección) way
    tomamos el camino más corto we took the shortest route o way
    ¿sabes el camino para ir allí? do you know how to get there?, do you know the way there?
    me salieron al camino «asaltantes» they blocked my path o way;
    «amigos/niños» they came out to meet me
    afrontaron todas las dificultades que se les presentaron en el camino they faced up to all the difficulties in their path
    éste es el mejor camino a seguir en estas circunstancias this is the best course to follow in these circumstances
    por ese camino no vas a ninguna parte you won't get anywhere that way o like that
    al terminar la carrera cada cual se fue por su camino after completing their studies they all went their separate ways
    sigue caminos muy diferentes de los trazados por sus predecesores he is taking very different paths from those of his predecessors
    se me fue por mal caminoor por el otro camino it went down the wrong way
    abrir(le) camino (a algo/algn) to clear the way (for sth/sb)
    los vehículos que abrían camino a los corredores the vehicles that were clearing the way for the runners
    abrirse camino to make one's way
    se abrió camino entre la espesura/a través de la multitud she made her way through the dense thickets/through the crowds of people
    no es fácil abrirse camino en esa profesión it's not easy to carve a niche for oneself in that profession
    estas técnicas se están abriendo camino entre nuestros médicos these techniques are gaining ground o are beginning to gain acceptance with our doctors
    tuvo que luchar mucho para abrirse camino en la vida he had to fight hard to get on in life
    buen/mal camino: este niño va por mal caminoor lleva mal camino this boy's heading for trouble
    ya tiene trabajo, va por buen camino he's found a job already, he's doing well
    ibas por or llevabas buen camino pero te equivocaste aquí you were on the right track o lines, but you made a mistake here
    las negociaciones van por or llevan muy buen camino the negotiations are going extremely well o very smoothly
    llevar a algn por mal camino to lead sb astray
    cruzarse en el camino de algn: la mala suerte se cruzó en su camino he ran up against o came up against some bad luck
    supo superar todos los obstáculos que se le cruzaron en el camino he was able to overcome all the problems which arose o which he came across
    errar el camino to be in the wrong job o the wrong line of work
    2
    (trayecto, viaje): emprendimos el camino de regreso we set out on the return journey
    se me hizo muy largo el camino the journey seemed to take forever
    lo debí perder en el camino de casa al trabajo I must have lost it on my o on the way to work
    se pusieron en camino al amanecer they set off at dawn
    llevamos ya una hora de camino we've been traveling for an hour now, we've been on the road for an hour now
    estamos todavía a dos horas de camino we still have two hours to go o two hours ahead of us
    paramos a mitad de caminoor a medio camino a descansar we stopped halfway to rest
    por aquí cortamos or acortamos camino we can take a shortcut this way o this way's shorter
    hizo todo el camino a pie he walked the whole way, he did the whole journey on foot
    se ha avanzado mucho en este campo, pero queda aún mucho camino por recorrer great advances have been made in this field, but there's still a long way to go
    el camino será largo y difícil, pero venceremos the road will be long and difficult, but we shall be victorious
    quedarse a mitad de or a medio camino: iba para médico, pero se quedó a mitad de camino he was studying to be a doctor, but he never completed the course o he gave up halfway through the course
    el programa de remodelación se quedó a medio camino the renovation project was left unfinished
    no creo que terminemos este año, ni siquiera estamos a mitad de camino I don't think we'll finish it this year, we're not even half way through yet
    3 ( en locs):
    camino de/a: me encontré con él camino del or al mercado I ran into him on the o on my way to the market
    ya vamos camino del invierno winter's coming o approaching, winter's on the way o on its way
    llevar or ir camino de algo: un actor que va camino del estrellato an actor on his way o on the road to stardom, an actor heading for stardom, an actor who looks set for stardom
    van camino de la bancarrota they are on the road to o heading for bankruptcy, they look set to go bankrupt
    una tradición que va camino de desaparecer a tradition which looks set to disappear
    de camino: tu casa me queda de camino I pass your house on my way, your house is on my way
    ve por el pan y, de camino, compra el periódico go and get the bread and buy a newspaper on the way o your way
    de camino a: íbamos de camino a Zacatecas we were on our way o the way to Zacatecas
    está de camino a la estación it is on the way to the station
    en el caminoor de camino al trabajo paso por tres bancos I pass three banks on my way o the way to work
    en camino: deben estar ya en camino they must be on the o on their way already
    tiene un niño y otro en camino she has one child and another on the way
    por el camino on the way
    te lo cuento por el camino I'll tell you on the way
    Compuestos:
    Inca trail
    el Camino de Santiago ( Hist, Relig) the pilgrims' road to Santiago;
    ( Astron) the Milky Way
    * * *

     

    Del verbo caminar: ( conjugate caminar)

    camino es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    caminó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    caminar    
    camino
    caminar ( conjugate caminar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( andar) to walk;

    podemos ir caminando we can walk, we can go on foot;
    camino hacia algo ‹hacia meta/fin› to move toward(s) sth
    2 (AmL) [reloj/motor] to work;

    verbo transitivo ‹ distancia› to walk
    camino sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) road;
    ( de tierra) track;
    ( sendero) path;

    2
    a) (ruta, dirección) way;


    me salieron al camino [ asaltantes] they blocked my path o way;

    [ amigos] they came out to meet me;

    el camino a la fama the road o path to fame;
    se abrió camino entre la espesura she made her way through the dense thickets;
    abrirse camino en la vida to get on in life;
    buen/mal camino: este niño va por mal camino this boy's heading for trouble;
    ibas por buen camino pero te equivocaste you were on the right track but you made a mistake;
    llevar a algn por mal camino to lead sb astray
    b) (trayecto, viaje):


    se pusieron en camino they set off;
    todavía nos quedan dos horas de camino we still have two hours to go
    c) ( en locs)

    ◊ camino de/a … on my/his/her way to …;

    ir camino de algo: una tradición que va camino de desaparecer a tradition which looks set to disappear;
    de camino on the way;
    pilla de camino it's on the way;
    me queda de camino I pass it on my way;
    de camino a la estación on the way to the station;
    en camino on the way;
    deben estar ya en camino they must be on their way already;
    por el camino on the way;
    a mitad de or a medio camino halfway through
    caminar
    I verbo intransitivo to walk
    II verbo transitivo (recorrer a pie) to cover,walk: camino un par de kilómetros diarios, I walk two kilometres every day
    camino sustantivo masculino
    1 (estrecho, sin asfaltar) path, track
    (en general) road
    2 (itinerario, ruta) route, way
    3 (medio, modo) way
    ♦ Locuciones: coger o pillar de camino, to be on the way
    estar en camino, to be on the way
    ir camino de, to be going to
    figurado ir por buen/mal camino, to be on the right/wrong track
    ponerse en camino, to set off
    a medio camino, halfway: lo deja todo a medio camino, she drops everything she starts halfway through
    figurado una casa de turismo rural es un sitio a medio camino entre un hotel y una casa de labranza, a rural tourism house is something halfway between a hotel and a farmhouse
    de camino a, on the way to
    ' camino' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrirse
    - acceso
    - ahorrar
    - andar
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bifurcación
    - borde
    - caminar
    - como
    - conducir
    - cruzarse
    - desbloquear
    - desviarse
    - dificultosa
    - dificultoso
    - división
    - empinada
    - empinado
    - enderezar
    - enfilar
    - enrevesada
    - enrevesado
    - enseñar
    - entorpecer
    - escultórica
    - escultórico
    - franca
    - franco
    - ir
    - guiar
    - horqueta
    - indicar
    - interponerse
    - intersectarse
    - intrincada
    - intrincado
    - lado
    - marcha
    - margen
    - media
    - mitad
    - mostrar
    - obstáculo
    - orientar
    - orilla
    - paso
    - pillar
    - por
    - promedio
    English:
    astray
    - blaze
    - bridle path
    - circuitous
    - claw
    - concrete
    - devious
    - dirt road
    - drive
    - driveway
    - en route
    - fight
    - footpath
    - guide
    - half-way
    - lane
    - midway
    - passable
    - path
    - pathway
    - pave
    - road
    - rocky
    - rough
    - set off
    - set out
    - show
    - signpost
    - sloping
    - stray
    - strike out
    - struggle on
    - thrust aside
    - towpath
    - track
    - up
    - uphill
    - wade through
    - way
    - wayside
    - weave
    - wind
    - winding
    - work
    - work up to
    - bound
    - by
    - continue
    - direct
    - do
    * * *
    camino nm
    1. [sendero] path, track;
    [carretera] road;
    han abierto un camino a través de la selva they've cleared a path through the jungle;
    acorté por el camino del bosque I took a shortcut through the forest;
    Univ
    Caminos(, Canales y Puertos) [ingeniería] civil engineering;
    la vida no es un camino de rosas life is no bed of roses;
    todos los caminos llevan a Roma all roads lead to Rome
    camino de acceso access road; Fam Fig camino de cabras rugged path;
    camino forestal forest track;
    camino de grava gravel path;
    camino de herradura bridle path;
    camino de hierro railway, US railroad;
    Am camino de mesa table runner; Hist camino real king's highway;
    Camino de Santiago Rel = pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela;
    Astron Milky Way;
    camino de sirga towpath;
    Fig camino trillado well-trodden path; Fig
    tiene el camino trillado the hard work has already been done for him;
    camino vecinal country lane
    2. [ruta, vía] way;
    el camino de la estación the way to the station;
    equivocarse de camino to go the wrong way;
    indicar el camino a alguien to show sb the way;
    no recuerdo el camino de vuelta I can't remember the way back;
    iremos por el camino más corto we'll go by the shortest route, we'll go the quickest way;
    está camino de la capital it's on the way to the capital;
    me encontré a Elena camino de casa I met Elena on the way home;
    de camino [de paso] on the way;
    ve a comprar el periódico, y de camino sube también la leche go for the newspaper and bring the milk up while you're at it;
    me pilla de camino it's on my way;
    a estas horas ya estarán en camino they'll be on their way by now;
    en el camino on the way;
    por este camino this way
    3. [viaje] journey;
    nos espera un largo camino we have a long journey ahead of us;
    se detuvieron tras cinco horas de camino they stopped after they had been on the road for five hours;
    estamos casi a mitad de camino we're about halfway there;
    pararemos a mitad de camino we'll stop halfway;
    hicimos un alto en el camino para comer we stopped (along the way) to have a bite to eat;
    también Fig
    todavía nos queda mucho camino por delante we've still got a long way to go;
    ponerse en camino to set off
    4. [medio] way;
    el camino para conseguir tus propósitos es la honestidad the way to get what you want is to be honest
    5. Comp
    abrir camino a to clear the way for;
    el hermano mayor ha abierto camino a los pequeños the older brother cleared the way for the younger ones;
    dos jinetes abrían camino a la procesión two people rode ahead to clear a path for the procession;
    abrirse camino to get on o ahead;
    se abrió camino entre la maraña de defensas he found a way through the cluster of defenders;
    abrirse camino en el mundo to make one's way in the world;
    le costó mucho abrirse camino, pero ahora tiene una buena posición it wasn't easy for him to get on, but he's got a good job now;
    allanar el camino to smooth the way;
    atravesarse o [m5] cruzarse o [m5] interponerse en el camino de alguien to stand in sb's way;
    no permitiré que nadie se cruce en mi camino I won't let anyone stand in my way;
    Fam
    tienen un bebé en camino they've got a baby on the way;
    ir por buen camino to be on the right track;
    ir por mal camino to go astray;
    con su comportamiento, estos alumnos van por mal camino the way they are behaving, these pupils are heading for trouble;
    fueron cada cual por su camino they went their separate ways;
    van camino del desastre/éxito they're on the road to disaster/success;
    va o [m5] lleva camino de convertirse en estrella she's on her way to stardom;
    a medio camino halfway;
    siempre deja todo a medio camino she always leaves things half-done;
    estar a medio camino to be halfway there;
    está a medio camino entre un delantero y un centrocampista he's somewhere between a forward and a midfielder;
    quedarse a medio camino to stop halfway through;
    el proyecto se quedó a medio camino por falta de presupuesto the project was left unfinished o was abandoned halfway through because the funds dried up;
    iba para estrella, pero se quedó a mitad de camino she looked as if she would become a star, but never quite made it;
    traer a alguien al buen camino to put sb back on the right track
    CAMINO DE SANTIAGO
    The Galician city of Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain, traditionally held to be the burial site of the Apostle St James, was one of the most important Christian pilgrimage centres in Europe during the Middle Ages, second only to Rome. Countless pilgrims made the journey from different parts of Europe to Santiago along recognized pilgrimage routes. The main one crosses the north of Spain from the Pyrenees to Galicia and is known as the Camino de Santiago. Although its religious significance has declined, it has become a popular tourist route attracting a wide range of travellers: nature lovers on day trips, hikers and cyclists, and even latter-day pilgrims, whether solitary walkers or on package tours. Many of them avail themselves of the free or low-cost accommodation provided along the way by local councils and religious institutions.
    * * *
    m
    1 ( senda) path;
    no es (todo) un camino de rosas it isn’t all a bed of roses
    2 INFOR path
    3 ( ruta) way;
    a medio camino halfway;
    de camino a on the way to;
    por el camino on the way;
    camino de on the way to;
    abrirse camino fig make one’s way;
    estar en camino be on the way;
    abrirse camino en la vida get on;
    ir por buen/mal camino fig be on the right/wrong track;
    abrir camino hacia algo fig pave the way for sth;
    mitad de camino fig leave sth half finished
    * * *
    camino nm
    1) : path, road
    2) : journey
    ponerse en camino: to set off
    3) : way
    a medio camino: halfway there
    * * *
    1. (sendero) path
    2. (ruta, medio) way
    camino de on the way / on your way
    ponerse en camino to set off [pt. & pp. set]

    Spanish-English dictionary > camino

  • 8 Weg

    Adv. away; (weggegangen sein, verloren) gone; (nicht zu Hause) not in; meine Uhr ist weg my watch is ( oder has) gone; der Zug, die Maschine etc. ist schon weg has (already) left; weg da! umg. get away!; weg damit! umg. take it away!; Finger oder Hände weg! umg. hands off!; nichts wie weg! umg. let’s get out of here, scram! Sl.; weg sein umg. (bewusstlos) be out (for the count); nach Alkohol: be gone; (geistesabwesend) be miles away, be away with the fairies; ganz ( hin und) weg sein umg. (begeistert) be thrilled to bits, be over the moon; ich bin darüber weg I’ve got over it, I’m over it; in einem weg umg. non-stop; Fenster etc.
    * * *
    der Weg
    (Methode) way; approach;
    (Strecke) course; route; road;
    (kleine Straße) path; way; track; pathway; lane
    * * *
    [veːk]
    m -(e)s, -e
    [-gə]
    1) (=Pfad, Gehweg fig) path; (= Waldweg, Wanderweg etc) track, path; (= Straße) road

    am Wége — by the wayside

    woher des Wég(e)s? (old) — where have you come from?, whence comest thou? (obs)

    wohin des Wég(e)s? (old) — where are you going to?, whither goest thou? (obs)

    des Wég(e)s kommen (old) — to come walking/riding etc up

    in einer Gegend Wég und Steg kennen — to know an area like the back of one's hand

    jdm in den Wég treten, jdm den Wég versperren or verstellen — to block or bar sb's way

    jdm/einer Sache im Wég stehen (fig) — to stand in the way of sb/sth

    sich selbst im Wég stehen (fig) — to be one's own worst enemy

    jdm Hindernisse or Steine in den Wég legen (fig) — to put obstructions in sb's way

    jdm nicht über den Wég trauen (fig) — not to trust sb an inch

    jdn aus dem Wég räumen (fig) — to get rid of sb

    etw aus dem Wég räumen (fig) — to remove sth; Missverständnisse to clear sth up

    neue Wége beschreiten (fig) — to tread new paths

    den Wég der Sünde/Tugend gehen — to follow the path of sin/virtue

    die Wége Gottes — the ways of the Lord

    den Wég des geringsten Widerstandes gehen — to follow the line of least resistance

    der Wég zur Hölle ist mit guten Vorsätzen gepflastert (Prov) — the road to Hell is paved with good intentions (prov)

    See:
    2) (lit, fig = Route) way; (= Entfernung) distance; (= Reise) journey; (zu Fuß) walk; (fig zum Erfolg) way, road; (= Bildungsweg) road

    ich muss diesen Wég jeden Tag zweimal gehen/fahren — I have to walk/drive this stretch twice a day

    auf dem Wég nach London/zur Arbeit — on the way to London/work

    auf dem Wég zu jdm/nach einem Ort sein — to be on the or one's way to sb's/a place

    sich auf den Wég machen — to set off

    6 km Wég — 6 kms away

    noch zwei Stunden/ein Stück Wég vor sich haben — to still have two hours/some distance to travel

    jdn ein Stück Wég(es) begleiten (geh) — to accompany sb part of the way

    mein erster Wég war zur Bank — the first thing I did was go to the bank

    jdn auf seinem letzten Wég begleiten (euph) — to pay one's last respects to sb

    seiner Wége gehen (geh) (lit) — to go on one's way; (fig) to go one's own way

    welchen Wég haben sie eingeschlagen? (lit) — what road did they take?

    einen neuen Wég einschlagen (fig) — to follow a new avenue; (beruflich) to follow a new career

    den falschen/richtigen Wég einschlagen — to follow the wrong/right path or road or (fig) avenue

    jdm etw mit auf den Wég geben (lit) — to give sb sth to take with him/her etc

    jdm einen guten Rat mit auf den Wég geben — to give sb good advice to follow in life

    jdm/einer Sache aus dem Wég gehen (lit) — to get out of sb's way/the way of sth; (fig) to avoid sb/sth

    jdm über den Wég laufen (fig) — to run into sb

    seinen Wég (im Leben/Beruf) machen (fig) — to make one's way in life/one's career

    seinen Wég nehmen (fig) — to take its course

    etw in die Wége leiten — to arrange sth

    etw auf den Wég bringen — to get sth under way

    jdm/sich den Wég verbauen — to ruin sb's/one's chances or prospects (für of)

    auf dem besten Wég sein, etw zu tun — to be well on the way to doing sth

    der gerade Wég ist der kürzeste or beste (Prov) — honesty is the best policy

    3) (= Mittel, Art und Weise) way; (= Methode) method

    auf welchem Wég kommt man am schnellsten zu Geld? — what's the fastest way of making or to make money?

    auf welchem Wég sind Sie zu erreichen? — how can I get in touch with you?

    auf diesem Wége — this way

    auf diplomatischem Wége — through diplomatic channels

    auf gesetzlichem or legalem Wége — legally, by legal means

    auf künstlichem Wége — artificially, by artificial means

    See:
    4) (inf = Besorgung) errand
    * * *
    1) (to or at a distance from the person speaking or the person or thing spoken about: He lives three miles away (from the town); Go away!; Take it away!) away
    2) (in the opposite direction: She turned away so that he would not see her tears.) away
    3) (a means of sending or receiving information etc: We got the information through the usual channels.) channel
    4) (a narrow road or street: a winding lane.) lane
    5) (the path or direction in which something moves: the course of the Nile.) course
    6) (away (from a place, time etc): He walked off; She cut her hair off; The holidays are only a week off; She took off her coat.) off
    7) ((any place on) the line along which someone or something is moving: She stood right in the path of the bus.) path
    8) (an opening or passageway: This is the way in/out; There's no way through.) way
    9) (a route, direction etc: Which way shall we go?; Which is the way to Princes Street?; His house is on the way from here to the school; Will you be able to find your/the way to my house?; Your house is on my way home; The errand took me out of my way; a motorway.) way
    10) (used in the names of roads: His address is 21 Melville Way.) way
    11) (a distance: It's a long way to the school; The nearest shops are only a short way away.) way
    12) (used with many verbs to give the idea of progressing or moving: He pushed his way through the crowd; They soon ate their way through the food.) way
    13) (a route; the correct road(s) to follow in order to arrive somewhere: We'd better look at the map because I'm not sure of the road.) road
    14) (a way that leads to something: the road to peace; He's on the road to ruin.) road
    15) (a path or rough road: a mountain track.) track
    16) ((the distance covered during) an outing or journey on foot: She wants to go for / to take a walk; It's a long walk to the station.) walk
    * * *
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [ve:k, pl ˈve:gə]
    m
    sie stand am \Weg she stood by the wayside
    2. (Route) way
    das ist der kürzeste \Weg nach Berlin this is the shortest route to Berlin
    ▪ auf dem \Weg [zu jdm/irgendwohin] sein to be on one's way [to sb/somewhere]
    auf dem richtigen \Weg sein to be on the right track
    vom \Weg abkommen to lose one's way
    jdn nach dem \Wegfragen to ask sb the way
    auf jds \Weg liegen to be on sb's way
    sich akk auf den \Weg [irgendwohin] machen to set off [for somewhere]
    es wird schon spät, ich muss mich auf den \Weg machen it's getting late, I must be on my way!
    jdm den \Weg versperren to block [or bar] sb's way
    3. (Strecke) way
    bis zu euch muss ich einen \Weg von über drei Stunden zurücklegen I've got a journey of more than three hours to get to your place
    4. (Gang, Besorgung) errand
    \Wege zu erledigen haben to have some shopping to do
    5. (Methode) way
    es gibt keinen anderen \Weg there is no choice
    auf friedlichem \Wege (geh) by peaceful means
    auf illegalem \Wege by illegal means, illegally
    auf schriftlichem \Wege (geh) in writing
    neue \Wege gehen to follow new avenues
    7.
    ▶ aus dem \Weg! stand aside!, make way!
    geh mir aus dem \Weg! get out of my way!
    ▶ etw dat den \Weg bereiten to pave the way [or prepare the ground] for sth
    ▶ auf dem \Wege der Besserung sein (geh) to be on the road to recovery
    ▶ auf dem besten \Wege sein, etw zu tun to be well on the way to doing sth
    ▶ etw auf den \Weg bringen to introduce sth
    ▶ sich dat den \Weg frei schießen to shoot one's way out
    ▶ jdm etw mit auf den \Weg geben to give sb sth to take with him/her
    du brauchst mir nichts mit auf den \Weg zu geben, ich weiß das schon I don't need you to tell me anything, I already know
    jdm eine Ermahnung/einen Ratschlag mit auf den \Weg geben to give sb a warning/piece of advice for the future
    ▶ seinen \Weg gehen to go one's own way
    ▶ seiner \Wege gehen (geh) to continue [or carry on] regardless
    ▶ jdm/etw aus dem \Weg gehen to avoid sb/sth
    ▶ den \Weg des geringsten Widerstandes gehen to take the line of least resistance
    ▶ jdm auf halbem \Wege entgegenkommen to meet sb halfway
    ▶ des \Weges kommen (geh) to approach
    ▶ jdm über den \Weg laufen to run into sb
    lauf mir nicht noch mal über den \Weg! don't come near me again!
    ▶ etw in die \Wege leiten to arrange sth
    ▶ jdn auf seinem letzten \Weg begleiten (euph) to pay one's last respects to sb
    ▶ jdn aus dem \Weg räumen to get rid of sb
    ▶ etw aus dem \Weg räumen to remove sth
    ▶ vom rechten \Weg abkommen to wander from the straight and narrow fam
    ▶ jdm/etw im \Wege stehen to stand in the way of sb/sth
    nur die Kostenfrage steht der Verwirklichung des Projekts im \Wege only the issue of cost is an obstacle to this project being implemented
    ▶ sich dat selbst im \Weg stehen to be one's own worst enemy
    ▶ jdm nicht über den \Weg trauen (fam) not to trust sb an inch
    ▶ hier trennen sich unsere \Wege this is where we part company
    ▶ sich dat einen \Weg verbauen to ruin one's chances
    ▶ viele \Wege führen nach Rom (prov) all roads lead to Rome prov
    ▶ woher des \Weg[e]s? (veraltet) where do you come from?
    ▶ wohin des \Weg[e]s? (veraltet) where are you going to?; s.a. Hindernis, Stein
    * * *
    der; Weg[e]s,Wege
    1) (FußWeg) path; (FeldWeg) track

    ‘kein öffentlicher Weg’ — ‘no public right of way’

    am Weg[e] — by the wayside

    2) (Zugang) way; (Passage, Durchgang) passage

    sich (Dat.) einen Weg durch etwas bahnen — clear a path or way through something

    geh [mir] aus dem Weg[e] — get out of the or my way

    jemandem im Weg[e] stehen od. (auch fig.) sein — be in somebody's way; (fig.)

    einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg[e] stehen — stand in the way of something

    jemandem aus dem Weg[e] gehen — keep out of sb's way; avoid somebody

    einer Diskussion aus dem Weg[e] gehen — avoid a discussion

    jemanden/etwas aus dem Weg[e] räumen — get rid of somebody/something

    3) (Route, Verbindung) way; route

    [jemanden] nach dem Weg fragen — ask [somebody] the way

    das liegt auf dem/meinem Weg — that's on the/my way; (fig.)

    er ist mir über den Weg gelaufen — (ugs.) I ran or bumped into him

    seinen Weg machen — make one's way [in the world]

    4) (Strecke, Entfernung) distance; (Gang) walk; (Reise) journey

    es sind 2 km/10 Minuten Weg — it is a distance of two kilometres/it is ten minutes' walk

    er hat noch einen weiten Weg vor sich — (Dat.) he still has a long way to go

    auf halbem Weg[e] — (auch fig.) halfway

    sich auf den Weg machen — set off; (fig.)

    jemandem einen guten Ratschlag mit auf den Weg geben — give somebody some good advice for his/her future life

    auf dem besten Weg sein, etwas zu tun — (meist iron.) be well on the way towards doing something

    er ist auf dem Weg[e] der Besserung — he's on the road to recovery

    5) (ugs.): (Besorgung) errand

    einen Weg machen — do or run an errand

    6) (Methode) way; (Mittel) means

    auf schnellstem Weg[e] — as speedily as possible

    auf schriftlichem Weg[e] — by letter

    * * *
    Weg m; -(e)s, -e
    1. way (auch Richtung); (Pfad) path (auch fig und IT); (Route) route; (Gang) walk; (Besorgung) errand; (Weg zum Ziel) course;
    am Wege by the wayside;
    auf dem Wege on the way;
    das liegt auf meinem Weg that’s on my way, I’ll be passing (by) there on my way (home etc);
    einen Weg machen umg (Spaziergang) go for a walk;
    jemandem über den Weg laufen umg run ( oder bump) into sb;
    jemandem den Weg zeigen/beschreiben show sb the way/give sb directions;
    jemandem einen Weg abnehmen spare sb the trip;
    jemandem etwas mit auf den Weg geben give sb sth to take along with them, give sb sth for the journey; fig (Rat etc) give sb sth to remember;
    aus dem Wege gehen get out of the way, step aside; fig steer clear (+gen of); fig → auch 2;
    jemandem im Wege stehen auch fig be in sb’s way;
    jemandem in den Weg treten bar sb’s way; fig get in sb’s way;
    scheiden sich unsere Wege this is where we say goodbye; fig this is the parting of the ways;
    Weg und Steg geh the highroads and byroads pl;
    Weg und Steg kennen know every inch of the area
    2. fig:
    sein letzter Weg (Beerdigung) his final journey;
    den Weg allen Fleisches gehen geh, euph go the way of all flesh;
    etwas/jemanden aus dem Weg schaffen get rid of sth/sb;
    aus dem Weg räumen (Hindernis etc) clear out of the way; umg (jemanden) get rid of sb;
    der/auf dem Weg zum Erfolg the/on the road to success;
    auf dem Wege der Besserung on the road to recovery;
    auf dem besten Weg(e) sein zu (+inf) be well on the way to (+ger)
    auf dem besten Weg(e) sein, sich zu ruinieren be heading for disaster;
    auf dem richtigen Weg(e) sein be on the right track;
    jemanden auf den richtigen Weg bringen put sb back on the straight and narrow;
    er wird seinen Weg machen he’ll go far ( oder go places);
    ich traue ihm nicht über den Weg umg I don’t trust him an inch, I wouldn’t trust him as far as I can throw him;
    jemandem aus dem Weg gehen steer clear of sb;
    seine eigenen Wege gehen go one’s own way, do one’s own thing umg;
    unsere Wege haben sich getrennt we went our separate ways;
    einer Frage/Entscheidung aus dem Wege gehen evade a question, avoid the issue/avoid making a decision;
    ebnen pave the way for; (einer Sache) auch prepare the ground for;
    in die Wege leiten initiate, start sth off; (vorbereiten) pave the way for;
    da führt kein Weg dran vorbei umg there’s no way (a)round it;
    dem steht nichts im Wege there’s nothing to stop it;
    der Weg ist das Ziel the way is the goal
    3. fig (Art und Weise, Methode) way;
    auf gesetzlichem Wege legally, by legal means;
    auf diplomatischem Wege through diplomatic channels;
    auf diesem Wege this way;
    auf kaltem Wege pej by fair means or foul, without bothering too much about the niceties, US auch by hook or by crook;
    neue Wege in der Kindererziehung new approaches to child education;
    neue Wege gehen try a new tack, pursue a different path;
    es bleibt kein anderer Weg offen there’s no choice ( oder alternative); → abbringen 1, bahnen, halb A 3, irdisch, Mittel1 1, Widerstand 1, Wille etc
    * * *
    der; Weg[e]s,Wege
    1) (FußWeg) path; (FeldWeg) track

    ‘kein öffentlicher Weg’ — ‘no public right of way’

    am Weg[e] — by the wayside

    2) (Zugang) way; (Passage, Durchgang) passage

    sich (Dat.) einen Weg durch etwas bahnen — clear a path or way through something

    geh [mir] aus dem Weg[e] — get out of the or my way

    jemandem im Weg[e] stehen od. (auch fig.) sein — be in somebody's way; (fig.)

    einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg[e] stehen — stand in the way of something

    jemandem aus dem Weg[e] gehen — keep out of sb's way; avoid somebody

    einer Diskussion aus dem Weg[e] gehen — avoid a discussion

    jemanden/etwas aus dem Weg[e] räumen — get rid of somebody/something

    3) (Route, Verbindung) way; route

    [jemanden] nach dem Weg fragen — ask [somebody] the way

    das liegt auf dem/meinem Weg — that's on the/my way; (fig.)

    er ist mir über den Weg gelaufen — (ugs.) I ran or bumped into him

    seinen Weg machen — make one's way [in the world]

    4) (Strecke, Entfernung) distance; (Gang) walk; (Reise) journey

    es sind 2 km/10 Minuten Weg — it is a distance of two kilometres/it is ten minutes' walk

    er hat noch einen weiten Weg vor sich — (Dat.) he still has a long way to go

    auf halbem Weg[e] — (auch fig.) halfway

    sich auf den Weg machen — set off; (fig.)

    jemandem einen guten Ratschlag mit auf den Weg geben — give somebody some good advice for his/her future life

    auf dem besten Weg sein, etwas zu tun — (meist iron.) be well on the way towards doing something

    er ist auf dem Weg[e] der Besserung — he's on the road to recovery

    5) (ugs.): (Besorgung) errand

    einen Weg machen — do or run an errand

    6) (Methode) way; (Mittel) means

    auf schnellstem Weg[e] — as speedily as possible

    auf schriftlichem Weg[e] — by letter

    * * *
    -e (Mathematik) m.
    path n. -e m.
    alley n.
    itinerary n.
    lane n.
    path n.
    road n.
    route n.
    way n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Weg

  • 9 weg

    Adv. away; (weggegangen sein, verloren) gone; (nicht zu Hause) not in; meine Uhr ist weg my watch is ( oder has) gone; der Zug, die Maschine etc. ist schon weg has (already) left; weg da! umg. get away!; weg damit! umg. take it away!; Finger oder Hände weg! umg. hands off!; nichts wie weg! umg. let’s get out of here, scram! Sl.; weg sein umg. (bewusstlos) be out (for the count); nach Alkohol: be gone; (geistesabwesend) be miles away, be away with the fairies; ganz ( hin und) weg sein umg. (begeistert) be thrilled to bits, be over the moon; ich bin darüber weg I’ve got over it, I’m over it; in einem weg umg. non-stop; Fenster etc.
    * * *
    der Weg
    (Methode) way; approach;
    (Strecke) course; route; road;
    (kleine Straße) path; way; track; pathway; lane
    * * *
    [veːk]
    m -(e)s, -e
    [-gə]
    1) (=Pfad, Gehweg fig) path; (= Waldweg, Wanderweg etc) track, path; (= Straße) road

    am Wége — by the wayside

    woher des Wég(e)s? (old) — where have you come from?, whence comest thou? (obs)

    wohin des Wég(e)s? (old) — where are you going to?, whither goest thou? (obs)

    des Wég(e)s kommen (old) — to come walking/riding etc up

    in einer Gegend Wég und Steg kennen — to know an area like the back of one's hand

    jdm in den Wég treten, jdm den Wég versperren or verstellen — to block or bar sb's way

    jdm/einer Sache im Wég stehen (fig) — to stand in the way of sb/sth

    sich selbst im Wég stehen (fig) — to be one's own worst enemy

    jdm Hindernisse or Steine in den Wég legen (fig) — to put obstructions in sb's way

    jdm nicht über den Wég trauen (fig) — not to trust sb an inch

    jdn aus dem Wég räumen (fig) — to get rid of sb

    etw aus dem Wég räumen (fig) — to remove sth; Missverständnisse to clear sth up

    neue Wége beschreiten (fig) — to tread new paths

    den Wég der Sünde/Tugend gehen — to follow the path of sin/virtue

    die Wége Gottes — the ways of the Lord

    den Wég des geringsten Widerstandes gehen — to follow the line of least resistance

    der Wég zur Hölle ist mit guten Vorsätzen gepflastert (Prov) — the road to Hell is paved with good intentions (prov)

    See:
    2) (lit, fig = Route) way; (= Entfernung) distance; (= Reise) journey; (zu Fuß) walk; (fig zum Erfolg) way, road; (= Bildungsweg) road

    ich muss diesen Wég jeden Tag zweimal gehen/fahren — I have to walk/drive this stretch twice a day

    auf dem Wég nach London/zur Arbeit — on the way to London/work

    auf dem Wég zu jdm/nach einem Ort sein — to be on the or one's way to sb's/a place

    sich auf den Wég machen — to set off

    6 km Wég — 6 kms away

    noch zwei Stunden/ein Stück Wég vor sich haben — to still have two hours/some distance to travel

    jdn ein Stück Wég(es) begleiten (geh) — to accompany sb part of the way

    mein erster Wég war zur Bank — the first thing I did was go to the bank

    jdn auf seinem letzten Wég begleiten (euph) — to pay one's last respects to sb

    seiner Wége gehen (geh) (lit) — to go on one's way; (fig) to go one's own way

    welchen Wég haben sie eingeschlagen? (lit) — what road did they take?

    einen neuen Wég einschlagen (fig) — to follow a new avenue; (beruflich) to follow a new career

    den falschen/richtigen Wég einschlagen — to follow the wrong/right path or road or (fig) avenue

    jdm etw mit auf den Wég geben (lit) — to give sb sth to take with him/her etc

    jdm einen guten Rat mit auf den Wég geben — to give sb good advice to follow in life

    jdm/einer Sache aus dem Wég gehen (lit) — to get out of sb's way/the way of sth; (fig) to avoid sb/sth

    jdm über den Wég laufen (fig) — to run into sb

    seinen Wég (im Leben/Beruf) machen (fig) — to make one's way in life/one's career

    seinen Wég nehmen (fig) — to take its course

    etw in die Wége leiten — to arrange sth

    etw auf den Wég bringen — to get sth under way

    jdm/sich den Wég verbauen — to ruin sb's/one's chances or prospects (für of)

    auf dem besten Wég sein, etw zu tun — to be well on the way to doing sth

    der gerade Wég ist der kürzeste or beste (Prov) — honesty is the best policy

    3) (= Mittel, Art und Weise) way; (= Methode) method

    auf welchem Wég kommt man am schnellsten zu Geld? — what's the fastest way of making or to make money?

    auf welchem Wég sind Sie zu erreichen? — how can I get in touch with you?

    auf diesem Wége — this way

    auf diplomatischem Wége — through diplomatic channels

    auf gesetzlichem or legalem Wége — legally, by legal means

    auf künstlichem Wége — artificially, by artificial means

    See:
    4) (inf = Besorgung) errand
    * * *
    1) (to or at a distance from the person speaking or the person or thing spoken about: He lives three miles away (from the town); Go away!; Take it away!) away
    2) (in the opposite direction: She turned away so that he would not see her tears.) away
    3) (a means of sending or receiving information etc: We got the information through the usual channels.) channel
    4) (a narrow road or street: a winding lane.) lane
    5) (the path or direction in which something moves: the course of the Nile.) course
    6) (away (from a place, time etc): He walked off; She cut her hair off; The holidays are only a week off; She took off her coat.) off
    7) ((any place on) the line along which someone or something is moving: She stood right in the path of the bus.) path
    8) (an opening or passageway: This is the way in/out; There's no way through.) way
    9) (a route, direction etc: Which way shall we go?; Which is the way to Princes Street?; His house is on the way from here to the school; Will you be able to find your/the way to my house?; Your house is on my way home; The errand took me out of my way; a motorway.) way
    10) (used in the names of roads: His address is 21 Melville Way.) way
    11) (a distance: It's a long way to the school; The nearest shops are only a short way away.) way
    12) (used with many verbs to give the idea of progressing or moving: He pushed his way through the crowd; They soon ate their way through the food.) way
    13) (a route; the correct road(s) to follow in order to arrive somewhere: We'd better look at the map because I'm not sure of the road.) road
    14) (a way that leads to something: the road to peace; He's on the road to ruin.) road
    15) (a path or rough road: a mountain track.) track
    16) ((the distance covered during) an outing or journey on foot: She wants to go for / to take a walk; It's a long walk to the station.) walk
    * * *
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [ve:k, pl ˈve:gə]
    m
    sie stand am \Weg she stood by the wayside
    2. (Route) way
    das ist der kürzeste \Weg nach Berlin this is the shortest route to Berlin
    ▪ auf dem \Weg [zu jdm/irgendwohin] sein to be on one's way [to sb/somewhere]
    auf dem richtigen \Weg sein to be on the right track
    vom \Weg abkommen to lose one's way
    jdn nach dem \Wegfragen to ask sb the way
    auf jds \Weg liegen to be on sb's way
    sich akk auf den \Weg [irgendwohin] machen to set off [for somewhere]
    es wird schon spät, ich muss mich auf den \Weg machen it's getting late, I must be on my way!
    jdm den \Weg versperren to block [or bar] sb's way
    3. (Strecke) way
    bis zu euch muss ich einen \Weg von über drei Stunden zurücklegen I've got a journey of more than three hours to get to your place
    4. (Gang, Besorgung) errand
    \Wege zu erledigen haben to have some shopping to do
    5. (Methode) way
    es gibt keinen anderen \Weg there is no choice
    auf friedlichem \Wege (geh) by peaceful means
    auf illegalem \Wege by illegal means, illegally
    auf schriftlichem \Wege (geh) in writing
    neue \Wege gehen to follow new avenues
    7.
    ▶ aus dem \Weg! stand aside!, make way!
    geh mir aus dem \Weg! get out of my way!
    ▶ etw dat den \Weg bereiten to pave the way [or prepare the ground] for sth
    ▶ auf dem \Wege der Besserung sein (geh) to be on the road to recovery
    ▶ auf dem besten \Wege sein, etw zu tun to be well on the way to doing sth
    ▶ etw auf den \Weg bringen to introduce sth
    ▶ sich dat den \Weg frei schießen to shoot one's way out
    ▶ jdm etw mit auf den \Weg geben to give sb sth to take with him/her
    du brauchst mir nichts mit auf den \Weg zu geben, ich weiß das schon I don't need you to tell me anything, I already know
    jdm eine Ermahnung/einen Ratschlag mit auf den \Weg geben to give sb a warning/piece of advice for the future
    ▶ seinen \Weg gehen to go one's own way
    ▶ seiner \Wege gehen (geh) to continue [or carry on] regardless
    ▶ jdm/etw aus dem \Weg gehen to avoid sb/sth
    ▶ den \Weg des geringsten Widerstandes gehen to take the line of least resistance
    ▶ jdm auf halbem \Wege entgegenkommen to meet sb halfway
    ▶ des \Weges kommen (geh) to approach
    ▶ jdm über den \Weg laufen to run into sb
    lauf mir nicht noch mal über den \Weg! don't come near me again!
    ▶ etw in die \Wege leiten to arrange sth
    ▶ jdn auf seinem letzten \Weg begleiten (euph) to pay one's last respects to sb
    ▶ jdn aus dem \Weg räumen to get rid of sb
    ▶ etw aus dem \Weg räumen to remove sth
    ▶ vom rechten \Weg abkommen to wander from the straight and narrow fam
    ▶ jdm/etw im \Wege stehen to stand in the way of sb/sth
    nur die Kostenfrage steht der Verwirklichung des Projekts im \Wege only the issue of cost is an obstacle to this project being implemented
    ▶ sich dat selbst im \Weg stehen to be one's own worst enemy
    ▶ jdm nicht über den \Weg trauen (fam) not to trust sb an inch
    ▶ hier trennen sich unsere \Wege this is where we part company
    ▶ sich dat einen \Weg verbauen to ruin one's chances
    ▶ viele \Wege führen nach Rom (prov) all roads lead to Rome prov
    ▶ woher des \Weg[e]s? (veraltet) where do you come from?
    ▶ wohin des \Weg[e]s? (veraltet) where are you going to?; s.a. Hindernis, Stein
    * * *
    der; Weg[e]s,Wege
    1) (FußWeg) path; (FeldWeg) track

    ‘kein öffentlicher Weg’ — ‘no public right of way’

    am Weg[e] — by the wayside

    2) (Zugang) way; (Passage, Durchgang) passage

    sich (Dat.) einen Weg durch etwas bahnen — clear a path or way through something

    geh [mir] aus dem Weg[e] — get out of the or my way

    jemandem im Weg[e] stehen od. (auch fig.) sein — be in somebody's way; (fig.)

    einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg[e] stehen — stand in the way of something

    jemandem aus dem Weg[e] gehen — keep out of sb's way; avoid somebody

    einer Diskussion aus dem Weg[e] gehen — avoid a discussion

    jemanden/etwas aus dem Weg[e] räumen — get rid of somebody/something

    3) (Route, Verbindung) way; route

    [jemanden] nach dem Weg fragen — ask [somebody] the way

    das liegt auf dem/meinem Weg — that's on the/my way; (fig.)

    er ist mir über den Weg gelaufen — (ugs.) I ran or bumped into him

    seinen Weg machen — make one's way [in the world]

    4) (Strecke, Entfernung) distance; (Gang) walk; (Reise) journey

    es sind 2 km/10 Minuten Weg — it is a distance of two kilometres/it is ten minutes' walk

    er hat noch einen weiten Weg vor sich — (Dat.) he still has a long way to go

    auf halbem Weg[e] — (auch fig.) halfway

    sich auf den Weg machen — set off; (fig.)

    jemandem einen guten Ratschlag mit auf den Weg geben — give somebody some good advice for his/her future life

    auf dem besten Weg sein, etwas zu tun — (meist iron.) be well on the way towards doing something

    er ist auf dem Weg[e] der Besserung — he's on the road to recovery

    5) (ugs.): (Besorgung) errand

    einen Weg machen — do or run an errand

    6) (Methode) way; (Mittel) means

    auf schnellstem Weg[e] — as speedily as possible

    auf schriftlichem Weg[e] — by letter

    * * *
    weg adv away; (weggegangen sein, verloren) gone; (nicht zu Hause) not in;
    meine Uhr ist weg my watch is ( oder has) gone;
    der Zug, die Maschine etc
    ist schon weg has (already) left;
    weg da! umg get away!;
    weg damit! umg take it away!;
    Hände weg! umg hands off!;
    nichts wie weg! umg let’s get out of here, scram! sl;
    weg sein umg (bewusstlos) be out (for the count); nach Alkohol: be gone; (geistesabwesend) be miles away, be away with the fairies;
    ganz (hin und) weg sein umg (begeistert) be thrilled to bits, be over the moon;
    ich bin darüber weg I’ve got over it, I’m over it;
    in einem weg umg non-stop; → Fenster etc
    * * *
    der; Weg[e]s,Wege
    1) (FußWeg) path; (FeldWeg) track

    ‘kein öffentlicher Weg’ — ‘no public right of way’

    am Weg[e] — by the wayside

    2) (Zugang) way; (Passage, Durchgang) passage

    sich (Dat.) einen Weg durch etwas bahnen — clear a path or way through something

    geh [mir] aus dem Weg[e] — get out of the or my way

    jemandem im Weg[e] stehen od. (auch fig.) sein — be in somebody's way; (fig.)

    einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg[e] stehen — stand in the way of something

    jemandem aus dem Weg[e] gehen — keep out of sb's way; avoid somebody

    einer Diskussion aus dem Weg[e] gehen — avoid a discussion

    jemanden/etwas aus dem Weg[e] räumen — get rid of somebody/something

    3) (Route, Verbindung) way; route

    [jemanden] nach dem Weg fragen — ask [somebody] the way

    das liegt auf dem/meinem Weg — that's on the/my way; (fig.)

    er ist mir über den Weg gelaufen — (ugs.) I ran or bumped into him

    seinen Weg machen — make one's way [in the world]

    4) (Strecke, Entfernung) distance; (Gang) walk; (Reise) journey

    es sind 2 km/10 Minuten Weg — it is a distance of two kilometres/it is ten minutes' walk

    er hat noch einen weiten Weg vor sich — (Dat.) he still has a long way to go

    auf halbem Weg[e] — (auch fig.) halfway

    sich auf den Weg machen — set off; (fig.)

    jemandem einen guten Ratschlag mit auf den Weg geben — give somebody some good advice for his/her future life

    auf dem besten Weg sein, etwas zu tun — (meist iron.) be well on the way towards doing something

    er ist auf dem Weg[e] der Besserung — he's on the road to recovery

    5) (ugs.): (Besorgung) errand

    einen Weg machen — do or run an errand

    6) (Methode) way; (Mittel) means

    auf schnellstem Weg[e] — as speedily as possible

    auf schriftlichem Weg[e] — by letter

    * * *
    -e (Mathematik) m.
    path n. -e m.
    alley n.
    itinerary n.
    lane n.
    path n.
    road n.
    route n.
    way n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > weg

  • 10 линия

    1. line (и мат., воен.)
    (в) права линия (in) a straight line
    гранична линия a boundary line
    2. (път) line; route; track
    трамвайна/жп. линия a tram/railway line
    по въздушна/права линия in a bee-line, as the crow flies
    3. (поведение, политика) line, course; policy
    линия на поведение a line of conduct, course, path
    линия на най-малкото съпротивление a line of least resistance
    нова линия a new departure
    5. (фигура) figure
    пазя линия keep down o.'s weight, keep slim, diet, slim
    6. (родствена) side, line of descent
    пряка линия a direct line of descent
    no майчина линия on o.'s mother's side, on the maternal/distaff side, in the female line
    по женска линия on o.'s wife's side
    по бащина линия on o.'s father's side, in the male line of descent, on the paternal side
    по всички линии all along the line, in every respect
    в общи линии in broad outlines
    по профсъюзна линия through the trade unions; along trade union lines
    * * *
    лѝния,
    ж., -и 1. line (и мат., воен.); брегова \линияя coastline; гранична \линияя boundary line; демаркационна \линияя line of demarcation; крива \линияя curve;
    2. ( път) line; route; track; Български въздушни \линияи Bulgarian Airlines; въздушна \линияя air-route; \линияя за трансфер transfer facilities; околовръстна \линияя circular railway; по въздушна/права \линияя in a bee-line, as the crow flies; сигнал за свободна \линияя тв dialtone;
    3. ( поведение, политика) line, course; policy; \линияя на поведение line of conduct, course (of action), path; нова \линияя new departure;
    4. (за чертане) ruler; сметачна \линияя slide-rule;
    5. ( фигура) figure; пазя \линияя keep down o.’s weight, keep slim, diet, slim;
    6. ( родствена) side, line of descent; възходяща/низходяща \линияя ascending/descending line; по бащина \линияя on o.’s father’s side, in the male line of descent, on the paternal side; по майчина \линияя on o.’s mother’s side, on the maternal side, in the female line; пряка \линияя direct line of descent; съребрена \линияя collateral/transversal line; • аз съм на \линияя it’s my turn; бележка под \линияя footnote; в общи \линияи in broad outlines; to all intents (and purposes); по всички \линияи all along the line, in every respect; по профсъюзна \линияя through the trade unions; along trade union lines.
    * * *
    mark (стартова); line: a boundary линия - гранична линия; rule; ruler; scale; score; streak
    * * *
    1. (в) права ЛИНИЯ (in) a straight line 2. (за чертане) ruler 3. (поведение, политика) line, course;policy 4. (път) line;route;track 5. (родствена) side, line of descent 6. (фигура) figure 7. line (и мат., воен.) 8. no майчина ЛИНИЯ on o.'s mother's side, on the maternal/distaff side, in the female line 9. Български въздушни линии Bulgarian Airlines 10. ЛИНИЯ на най-малкото съпротивление a line of least resistance 11. ЛИНИЯ на поведение a line of conduct, course, path 12. аз съм на ЛИНИЯ it's my turn 13. бележка под ЛИНИЯ footnote 14. брегова ЛИНИЯ coastline 15. в общи линии in broad outlines 16. въздушна ЛИНИЯ air-route 17. гранична ЛИНИЯ a boundary line 18. крива ЛИНИЯ curve 19. нова ЛИНИЯ a new departure 20. околовръстна ЛИНИЯ a circular railway 21. пазя ЛИНИЯ keep down o.'s weight, keep slim, diet, slim 22. по бащина ЛИНИЯ on o.'s father's side, in the male line of descent, on the paternal side 23. по всички линии all along the line, in every respect 24. по въздушна/права ЛИНИЯ in a bee-line, as the crow flies 25. по женска ЛИНИЯ on o.'s wife's side 26. по профсъюзна ЛИНИЯ through the trade unions;along trade union lines 27. пряка ЛИНИЯ a direct line of descent 28. сигнал за свободна ЛИНИЯ тел. dial tone 29. сметачна ЛИНИЯ slide-rule 30. трамвайна/жп. ЛИНИЯ a tram/railway line

    Български-английски речник > линия

  • 11 линия

    arc, branch ж.-д., circuit, strip line, line, pin
    * * *
    ли́ния ж.
    line; ( на графике) curve
    по ли́нии — in the line of …
    располага́ться на одно́й ли́нии — be in line [be lined up] with one another
    ли́нии расхо́дятся — lines diverge
    ли́нии схо́дятся — lines converge
    абоне́нтская ли́ния — subscriber's [individual, exchange] line, subscriber's loop
    абоне́нтская ли́ния заво́дится в многокра́тное по́ле [в по́ле остальны́х коммута́торов] — each subscriber's line appears in multiple at several operator's positions
    абоне́нтская, возду́шная ли́ния — customer open wire line, open wire loop
    абоне́нтская, индивидуа́льная ли́ния — individual [direct exchange] line, one-party telephone
    ли́ния а́бриса картогр. — planimetric line
    ли́ния АВ ( электрокаротаж) — energizing [current, power] line
    автомати́ческая ли́ния маш. — (automatic) transfer line, transfer machine
    автомати́ческая, жестяноба́ночная ли́ния — automatic can-making line
    автомати́ческая, ко́мплексная ли́ния маш. — integrated transfer line; integrated manufacturing system
    автомати́ческая, перенала́живаемая ли́ния маш. — versatile transfer line
    автомати́ческая, n [m2]-позици́онная ли́ния маш. — n -station transfer line
    автомати́ческая, прямолине́йная ли́ния маш. — in-line transfer machine
    автомати́ческая ли́ния с ги́бкой свя́зью маш. — non-synchronous transfer line
    автомати́ческая ли́ния с жё́сткой свя́зью маш. — synchronous transfer line
    автомати́ческая ли́ния со спу́тниками маш. — pallet type transfer line
    автомати́ческая, стано́чная ли́ния — transfer line
    автомати́ческая ли́ния с управле́нием от ЭВМ маш. — computer-controlled transfer line
    агони́ческая ли́ния геод. — zero [agonic] line
    ли́ния а́зимута — azimuth line
    акусти́ческая ли́ния — acoustic line
    антисто́ксова ли́ния — anti-Stokes line
    ли́ния апси́д астр. — line of apsides
    атмосфе́рная ли́ния тепл. — air evacuation line
    ба́зисная ли́ния
    1. мат. reference line
    2. опт. base-line
    бесконе́чная ли́ния
    1. мат. line at infinity
    2. эл. infinite line
    ва́куумная (отка́чная) ли́ния — vacuum pump line
    ли́ния вало́в — line of shafting
    ли́ния верши́н зу́бьев шестерни́ — face line of teeth
    ли́ния взлё́тно-поса́дочной полосы́, осева́я — runway centre line
    ли́ния ви́димого горизо́нта — sky-line, horizon line
    ли́ния ви́димого ко́нтура ( на чертеже) — object line
    визи́рная ли́ния ( логарифмической линейки) — hair-line, indicator hair-line
    ли́ния визи́рования геод. — axis [line] of sight, observing [sight(ing) ] line
    винтова́я ли́ния — helical line, helix, spiral
    дви́гаться по винтово́й ли́нии — move in a helix [in a spiral]
    винтова́я, кони́ческая ли́ния — conical helix
    вихрева́я ли́ния мат. — vortex [whirl] line
    вихрева́я, за́мкнутая ли́ния мат. — closed vortex line
    ли́ния влия́ния — influence line
    ли́ния вну́тренней свя́зи — inland circuit
    ли́ния возмуще́ний — Mach line
    ли́ния впа́дин шестерни́ — line of dents [dedendum line] of a gear
    ли́ния вса́сывания — suction line
    входна́я ли́ния вчт. — input line
    ли́ния входя́щей свя́зи — incoming [inward] line
    ли́ния вы́борки вчт. — select (ion) line
    выносна́я ли́ния ( на чертеже) — extension line
    выпускна́я ли́ния — exhaust line
    ли́ния выру́ливания ( со стоянки) ав. — lead-off line
    ли́ния вы́ходов горн. — outcrop line
    га́зовая ли́ния — gas line
    ли́ния генера́ции ( лазера) — lasing line
    геодези́ческая ли́ния — geodetic [geodesic] line
    ли́ния горизо́нта — sky-line, horizon line
    горизонта́льная ли́ния — level [horizontal] line
    горлова́я ли́ния мат. — striction line, line of striction (of a ruled surface)
    гребе́нчатая ли́ния элк. — comb (transmission) line
    ли́ния давле́ния — pressure line
    ли́ния да́льности рлк. — range line
    ли́ния движе́ния (частиц, электрона и т. п.) — trajectory
    ли́ния двоя́кой кривизны́ — line of double curvature, double-curved line
    ли́ния действи́тельного горизо́нта — true-horizon line
    ли́ния де́йствия — line of action
    ли́ния де́йствия си́лы — line of action of a force
    ли́ния де́йствия си́лы тя́жести — gravitational vertical
    ли́ния де́йствия тя́ги — thrust line, axis of thrust
    ли́ния де́йствующих забо́ев — line of active faces
    диагра́ммная ли́ния — (X-ray) diagram line
    ли́ния дислока́ций — dislocation line
    ли́ния дислока́ций выхо́дит на пове́рхность криста́лла — the dislocation line terminates at the surface of the crystal
    дифракцио́нная ли́ния — diffraction [diffracted] line
    дрена́жная ли́ния ( на самолёте) — vent line
    ли́ния ду́плекса, бала́нсная свз. — duplex artificial line
    железнодоро́жная, грузонапряжё́нная ли́ния — heavy-traffic line
    железнодоро́жная, двухпу́тная ли́ния — double-track railway line
    железнодоро́жная, однопу́тная ли́ния — single-track railway line
    ли́ния жё́сткой тя́ги — pipe-line
    жи́рная ли́ния — heavy [heavily drawn] line
    ли́ния забо́ев — faces line
    ли́ния забо́ев, дугообра́зная — arched line of faces, arched faces line
    ли́ния забо́ев, искривлё́нная — bowed faces line
    ли́ния загоризо́нтной свя́зи — beyond-the-horizon [over-the-horizon] communication link
    ли́ния за́данного пути́ [ЛЗП] ав. — брит. required [intended] track, track required, Tr. Req.; амер. course (line)
    ли́ния заде́ржки — delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, акусти́ческая — acoustic [sonic] delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки без поте́рь — dissipationless delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, водяна́я — water delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, герметизи́рованная — potted delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, иску́сственная — artificial delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, ка́бельная — cable delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, ква́рцевая — quartz delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, компенси́рованная — equalized delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, магнитострикцио́нная — magnetostrictive delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, многокра́тная — multiple delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, ни́келевая — nickel delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, поло́сковая — strip delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, про́волочная — wire delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, регули́руемая — variable delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, рту́тная — mercury delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, спира́льная — helical [spiral] delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки с распределё́нными пара́метрами — distributed-constant delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки с сосредото́ченными пара́метрами — lumped-constant delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, твердоте́льная — solid-state (delay) line, solid delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, ультразвукова́я — ultrasonic delay line
    ли́ния заде́ржки, электромагни́тная — electromagnetic delay line
    ли́ния заказна́я ли́ния тлф. — record operator's line, record circuit
    ли́ния залё́та топ. — flight line
    ли́ния запасны́х забо́ев — line of reserved faces
    запрещё́нная ли́ния — forbidden line
    ли́ния зару́ливания ( на стоянку) ав. — lead-in line
    заря́женная ли́ния — line of charge
    ли́ния застро́йки — building line
    ли́ния зацепле́ния голо́вок — head-line of contact, top line of action
    ли́ния зацепле́ния но́жек зу́бьев — dedendum line of contact
    зна́ковая ли́ния мат. — directed line
    золоспускна́я ли́ния — sluice discharge pipe-line
    ли́ния зубча́того зацепле́ния — line of action
    ли́ния изги́ба ж.-д. — curvature line
    ли́ния излуче́ния ла́зера — laser emission line
    измери́тельная ли́ния элк. — slotted [measuring] line, standing-wave meter
    и́мпульсная ли́ния ( в гидравлических и пневматических системах) — impulse line
    ли́ния инфильтра́ции — line of percolation
    ли́ния искажё́нных масшта́бов — zero line
    иску́сственная ли́ния эл. — artificial line
    ли́ния исходя́щей свя́зи тлф. — outward [outgoing] line
    ли́ния кали́бра, нейтра́льная прок. — neutral line of a groove
    ли́ния каса́ния — line of contact
    ли́ния каче́ния — line of rolling contact
    коаксиа́льная ли́ния — coaxial line
    коаксиа́льная, жё́сткая ли́ния — rigid coaxial line
    ли́ния кольцева́ния ав. — cross-feed line
    кома́ндная ли́ния рлк. — command link
    кома́ндная, проводна́я ли́ния рлк. — wire command link
    конверсио́нная ли́ния — conversion line
    конта́ктная ли́ния эл. — contact-wire line
    контро́льная ли́ния геод. — check(ing) [control, test] line
    ко́нтурная ли́ния (напр. на карте) — contour line
    ли́ния концентра́ции возмуще́ния — Mach line
    короткоза́мкнутая ли́ния — short-circuited line
    котида́льная ли́ния навиг. — co-tidal line
    ли́ния крити́ческих то́чек аргд. — stagnation line
    ли́ния ку́рса ав. — брит. course (line); амер. heading
    ли́ния ку́рса курсово́го маяка́ — localizer course
    курсова́я ли́ния ав. — heading line
    ла́зерная ли́ния — laser line
    ло́маная ли́ния — open polygon, broken [polygonal] line
    ли́ния Лю́дерса метал. — Lьder(s) [slip] line
    магистра́льная ли́ния — trunk [main] line
    ли́ния магни́тной инду́кции — line of magnetic flux, magnetic line of flux
    ма́зерная ли́ния — maser line
    ли́ния Ма́ки кфт. — Mackie line
    меридиа́нная ли́ния — meridian line
    ме́рная ли́ния мор. — trial course
    ли́ния метео́рной свя́зи — meteor-burst [meteor-scatter] link
    ли́ния нагнета́ния — discharge [delivery] line
    нагру́женная ли́ния эл., радио — loaded line
    назе́мная ли́ния — land [ground] line
    ли́ния наибо́льшего ска́та мат. — line of maximum inclination, steepest line (in a plane), line of greatest declivity
    ли́ния наиме́ньшего сопротивле́ния — line of least resistance
    ли́ния напла́вки — line of fusion
    ли́ния направле́ния съё́мки афс. — course of flight
    направля́ющая ли́ния — directrix
    ли́ния насыще́ния — saturation line
    ли́ния нача́ла отсчё́та — fiducial (reference, zero, datum) line
    ли́ния неви́димого ко́нтура ( на чертеже) — invisible [hidden] line
    недиагра́ммная ли́ния — non-diagram (X-ray) line, X-ray satellite
    нейтра́льная ли́ния — neutral line
    неодноро́дная ли́ния свз. — non-uniform [heterogeneous] line
    непересека́ющаяся ли́ния — skew line
    неразрешё́нная ли́ния физ. — unresolved peak
    несимметри́чная ли́ния свз. — unbalanced line
    несо́бственная ли́ния мат. — ideal line
    нивели́руемая ли́ния — line of levels
    нулева́я ли́ния — zero [null] line
    ли́ния нулево́го склоне́ния геод. — zero [agonic] line
    ли́ния нулевы́х значе́ний геод. — zero [agonic] line
    ли́ния обмета́ния ( гребного винта) — sweep line
    ли́ния обруше́ния горн. — line of caving
    ли́ния обтека́ния — streamline
    одноро́дная ли́ния свз. — uniform line
    осева́я ли́ния — axis, centre line
    ли́ния основа́ния зу́бьев ( шестерни) — bottom line of teeth
    ли́ния основа́ния карти́ны топ. — axis of homology, axis of perspective, perspective axis, ground line
    осно́вная ли́ния мор. — base-line
    ли́ния отве́са геод. — plumb (bob) line
    отве́сная ли́ния — tire vertical (line)
    отве́сная ли́ния задаё́тся отве́сом — the vertical [line] is assumed as a plumb-line
    ли́ния отде́лочных клете́й прок. — finishing mill train
    ли́ния отко́са — shoulder [slope] line
    ли́ния отсчё́та — reference [dation] line
    ли́ния паде́ния горн. — line of dip
    ли́ния па́лубы ( на теоретическом чертеже) — deck line, (на боковой проекции теоретического чертежа) sheer line
    ли́ния пе́ленга — bearing line, line of bearing
    ли́ния переда́чи эл., радио — (transmission) line
    включа́ть ли́нию (переда́чи) на, напр. согласо́ванную нагру́зку — terminate a (transmission) line into, e. g., a matched load
    закора́чивать ли́нию переда́чи — short-circuit a (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи излуча́ет эне́ргию — a (transmission) line radiates
    ли́ния переда́чи без поте́рь — loss-free [lossless] line
    ли́ния переда́чи да́нных вчт. — data line
    ли́ния переда́чи, дли́нная — long (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, закры́тая — close (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, коаксиа́льная — coaxial (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, многопроводна́я — multiwire (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, опти́ческая — optical transmission line
    ли́ния переда́чи, откры́тая — open (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, печа́тная элк. — printed line
    ли́ния переда́чи, пневмати́ческая — airpressure line
    ли́ния переда́чи, поло́сковая — strip (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, поло́сковая несимметри́чная — microstrip (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, поло́сковая, симметри́чная — strip (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, полуволно́вая — half wave (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, разо́мкнутая на конце́ — open-ended (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи с больши́м затуха́нием — lossy line
    ли́ния переда́чи, сверхпроводя́щая — superconducting (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи с поте́рями — lossy line
    ли́ния переда́чи, трё́хпластинчатая — tri-plate line
    ли́ния переда́чи, узкополо́сная — narrowband (transmission) line
    ли́ния переда́чи, широкопо́лосная — wideband (transmission) line
    ли́ния перели́ва — overflow line
    ли́ния пересече́ния — line of intersection
    ли́ния перспекти́вы топ. — perspective line, perspective ray
    ли́ния пита́ния — supply [power] line
    пита́ющая ли́ния — incoming transmission line, feeder
    ли́ния погруже́ния, преде́льная мор. — margin line
    подводя́щая ли́ния ( в гидравлических и пневматических системах) — feeding line
    ли́ния полё́та — flight path
    ли́ния положе́ния [ЛП] навиг. — line of position, position line, LP
    выходи́ть на ли́нию положе́ния — arrive at [strike] an LP
    оцифро́вывать ли́нию положе́ния коли́чеством микросеку́нд ра́зности вре́мени — identify a position line by its time-difference in ms
    ли́ния положе́ния, высо́тная — Sumner (position) line
    ли́ния положе́ния самолё́та [ЛПС] — aircraft-position line, APL
    полу́денная ли́ния геод. — magnetic north [meridian] line
    ли́ния по́ля — line of force, field line, line of field
    ли́ния постоя́нной интенси́вности ви́хрей — isocurlus
    ли́ния постоя́нной ско́рости — isovel
    пото́чная ли́ния — (continuous) production [flow] line
    сходи́ть с пото́чной ли́нии ( с конвейера) — roll off a production [flow] line
    по́ясная ли́ния ( кузова мобиля) — waistline
    ли́ния проги́ба — deflection [bending] line
    ли́ния прока́тки — rolling [mill] train
    ли́ния промежу́точного перегре́ва, горя́чая тепл. — hot reheat line
    ли́ния промежу́точного перегре́ва, холо́дная тепл. — cold reheat line
    ли́ния промерза́ния стр. — frost line
    ли́ния простира́ния горн. — strike line
    пряма́я ли́ния — straight line
    дви́гаться по прямы́м ли́ниям — move [travel] in straight lines
    ли́ния прямо́й ви́димости — line-of-sight
    пункти́рная ли́ния — dotted line
    ли́ния пути́ — track line, course line (Примечание. на практике в английской литературе наблюдается смешение track с course.)
    рабо́чая ли́ния проце́сса хим. — operating line
    ли́ния ра́вного потенциа́ла — co-potential line
    ли́ния равноде́нствия — equinoctial line
    ли́ния ра́вных высо́т геод. — line of equal elevation
    ли́ния ра́вных пе́ленгов самолё́та [ЛРПС] — line of bearings
    получа́ть ли́нии ра́вных пе́ленгов самолё́та — develop lines of bearings
    ли́ния ра́вных скоросте́й — isotach
    радиопроводна́я ли́ния — combined radio and wire link
    ли́ния радиосвя́зи — radio link, radio circuit
    ли́ния радиосвя́зи, реле́йная — microwave line-of-signal, radio link
    ли́ния радиосвя́зи, реле́йная бли́жняя — short-haul radio link
    ли́ния радиосвя́зи, реле́йная да́льняя — long-haul radio link
    радиотелеметри́ческая ли́ния — radio-telemetry link
    ли́ния радиотелефо́нной свя́зи — radiotelephone circuit
    ли́ния развё́ртки рлк., тлв. — beam trace, sweep-trace, scan(ning) trace
    ли́ния разде́ла — boundary (line)
    разме́рная ли́ния ( на чертеже) — dimension line
    ли́ния разре́за ( на чертеже) — cutting line
    разрешё́нная ли́ния
    1. resolved peak
    2. permissible [allowed] line
    ли́ния разъё́ма моде́ли литейн. — parting [joint] line of a pattern
    ли́ния разъё́ма фо́рмы литейн. — parting [joint] line of a mould
    ли́ния разъё́ма шта́мпа — die [flash] line
    распада́ющаяся ли́ния мат. — decomposed line
    ли́ния распростране́ния — line of propagation
    расто́почная ли́ния тепл. — start-up line
    ли́ния расшире́ния — expansion line
    реги́стровая ли́ния свз. — sender link
    ли́ния регре́ссии — regression line, line of regression
    ли́ния ре́зания горн. — cutting line, cutting horizon
    резона́нсная ли́ния — resonance line
    ре́перная ли́ния — datum line
    ли́ния рециркуля́ции тепл. — recirculation line
    ли́ния сбро́са горн. — fault line
    ли́ния сверхрешё́тки крист. — superlattice line
    сверхструкту́рная ли́ния — superstructure line
    ли́ния свя́зи — communication line, communication link
    демонти́ровать ли́нию свя́зи — dismantle a (communication) line
    освобожда́ть ли́нию свя́зи ( об абоненте) — get off [clear] the (communication) line
    передава́ть ли́нию свя́зи в эксплуата́цию — open a [the] (communication) line [circuit] for traffic
    посыла́ть (сигна́л) в ли́нию свя́зи — transmit to a (communication) line
    ли́ния свя́зи испо́льзуется для, напр. телефони́и — the (communication) line carries, e. g., telephony
    уплотня́ть ли́нию свя́зи — use a (communication) line for multichannel operation
    уплотня́ть ли́нию свя́зи, напр. 10 кана́лами — multiplex [derive], e. g., 10 channels on a (communication) line
    уплотня́ть ли́нию свя́зи с вре́менным разделе́нием сигна́лов — time-multiplex a (communication) line, use a line for time-division multiplex
    уплотня́ть ли́нию свя́зи с часто́тным разделе́нием сигна́лов — frequency-multiplex a (communication) line, use a line for frequency-division multiplex
    уплотня́ть ли́нию свя́зи фанто́мной це́лью — phantom a (communication) line, set up [derive] a phantom circuit on a (communication) line
    ли́ния свя́зи, возду́шная — aerial line
    ли́ния связи́, двухпроводна́я — two-wire line, two-wire circuit
    ли́ния свя́зи, двухце́пная — double-circuit line
    ли́ния свя́зи, ка́бельная — cable line
    ли́ния свя́зи, комбини́рованная — composite communication link
    ли́ния свя́зи, ме́стная — local circuit
    ли́ния свя́зи, объединя́ющая тлф., телегр. — concentration line
    ли́ния свя́зи, однопроводна́я — single-wire circuit, single-wire line
    ли́ния свя́зи, одноцепна́я — single-circuit line
    ли́ния свя́зи, отходя́щая — offgoing line
    ли́ния свя́зи, при́городная тлф., телегр. — suburban line, short-haul toll circuit
    ли́ния свя́зи, пупинизи́рованная — coil-loaded line
    ли́ния свя́зи, радиореле́йная — microwave relay [radio-relay] link
    ли́ния свя́зи, ретрансляцио́нная — relay link
    ли́ния свя́зи, служе́бная — order circuit, engineers order wire
    ли́ния свя́зи, спа́ренная — two-party line
    ли́ния свя́зи, спу́тниковая — satellite communication link
    ли́ния свя́зи, столбова́я — pole line
    ли́ния свя́зи, тропосфе́рная — troposcatter [tropospheric-scatter] link
    ли́ния свя́зи, уплотнё́нная — multiplexed [multichannel] line
    ли́ния сгора́ния — combustion [ignition] line
    секу́щая ли́ния — secant
    ли́ния се́тки координа́т — grid line
    ли́ния сжа́тия — compression line
    силова́я ли́ния — line of force, field line, line of field
    силова́я, магни́тная ли́ния — magnetic line of force
    ли́ния скачка́ уплотне́ния — shock line
    ли́ния скольже́ния
    1. glide line
    2. метал. slip line
    сливна́я ли́ния — drain line
    слоева́я ли́ния крист. — layer line
    сма́зочная ли́ния — lubrication line
    ли́ния сме́ны дат — date line
    ли́ния смеще́ния — displacement line
    соедини́тельная ли́ния ( между коммутационными узлами) тлф. — брит. junction (route), (inter-exchange) junction circuit; амер. trunk
    назнача́ть соедини́тельную ли́нию — allot a junction (route), assign a trunk
    соедини́тельная, входя́щая ли́ния тлф. — incoming junction (route)
    соедини́тельная, исходя́щая ли́ния тлф. — outgoing junction (route)
    соедини́тельная, транзи́тная ли́ния тлф. — through-traffic junction (route), tandem [built-up] trunk
    ли́ния сопротивле́ния, расчё́тная — calculated line of resistance
    спектра́льная ли́ния — spectral [spectrum] line
    выделя́ть спектра́льную, ли́нию — isolate a spectral line
    спектра́льная ли́ния раздва́ивается — the spectral line splits
    спектра́льные ли́нии сближа́ются — (the) spectral lines crowd together
    спектра́льные ли́нии сгуща́ются — (the) spectral lines crowd together
    спектра́льные ли́нии характеризу́ют [позволя́ют определя́ть] веще́ства — substances are identified by spectral lines
    спектра́льная, враща́тельная ли́ния — rotational spectral line
    спектра́льная, интенси́вная ли́ния — strong spectral line
    спектра́льная, колеба́тельная ли́ния — vibrational spectral line
    спектра́льная, ло́жная ли́ния — ghost spectral line
    спектра́льная ли́ния поглоще́ния — absorption spectral line
    спектра́льная, размы́тая ли́ния — diffuse spectral line
    спектра́льная, рентге́новская ли́ния — X-ray spectral line
    спектра́льная, сла́бая ли́ния — faint spectral line
    спира́льная ли́ния — spiral (line), helix
    ли́ния сплавле́ния — (weld-)fusion line
    сплошна́я ли́ния ( на чертеже) — full [solid] line
    спра́вочная ли́ния тлф. — information [inquiry] circuit
    сре́дняя ли́ния валко́в прок. — roll parting line
    сре́дняя ли́ния про́филя прок. — camber line
    сре́дняя ли́ния трапе́ции — median of a trapezoid
    ли́ния степене́й то́чности — line of precision
    сто́ксова ли́ния ( спектра) — Stokes line
    стрикцио́нная ли́ния — gorge [striction] line, line of striction
    ли́ния сходи́мости — convergence line
    ли́ния теку́чести — flow line
    телеметри́ческая ли́ния — telemetry link
    телефо́нная ли́ния — ( совокупность технических устройств) telephone line; ( в переносном значении) connection
    занима́ть (телефо́нную) ли́нию — hold the connection
    освободи́ть (телефо́нную) ли́нию — clear the line
    прове́рить (телефо́нную) ли́нию на за́нятость — test a line for the engaged condition
    (телефо́нная) ли́ния занята́ ( ответ оператора) — the line is busy [engaged]
    теорети́ческая ли́ния мор. — moulded line
    технологи́ческая ли́ния — production line
    ли́ния то́ка
    1. аргд. stream-line
    визуализи́ровать [де́лать ви́димой] ли́нию то́ка — visualize the stream-line
    ли́ния то́ка, визуализи́рованная — traced stream-line
    ли́ния то́ка в крити́ческой то́чке — stagnation stream-line
    ли́ния то́ка, крити́ческая — stagnation stream-line
    ли́ния то́ка, раздели́тельная — discriminating [dividing] stream-line
    то́лстая ли́ния ( на чертеже) — heavy line
    трансмиссио́нная ли́ния — transmission line, continuous line of shafting
    ли́ния труб — run of pipes
    ли́ния тя́ги — draft line
    ли́ния уда́ра — line of impact
    узлова́я ли́ния — nodal line
    уравни́тельная ли́ния тепл. — equalizing line
    ли́ния у́ровня мат. — contour [level] line, level curve
    ли́ния факти́ческого пути́ ав. — брит. track made good, TMG; амер. track
    фока́льная ли́ния — focal line
    ли́ния фо́кусов аргд. — aerodynamic centre line
    форва́куумная ли́ния — roughing-down line
    ли́ния форм релье́фа геод. — form [landform] line
    фраунго́феровы ли́нии — Fraunhofer-lines
    характеристи́ческая ли́ния — characteristic line
    ходова́я ли́ния геод., топ. — computation course, computation line, route
    холоста́я ли́ния эл. — unloaded line
    ли́ния хо́рды ав. — chord line
    ли́ния це́нтров — line of centres, centre line
    ли́ния це́нтров давле́ния — centre-of-pressure line
    цепна́я ли́ния мат. — catenary, catenary curve, catenary line
    ли́ния четырёхвалко́вых клете́й прок. — quarto train
    чистова́я петлева́я ли́ния прок. — looping finishing train
    ли́ния широты́ навиг. — line of latitude
    ли́ния шри́фта — type line
    ли́ния шри́фта, ве́рхняя — top line of type face
    ли́ния шри́фта, ни́жняя — bottom line of type face
    штрихпункти́рная ли́ния — dash-dot line
    эквипотенциа́льная ли́ния — equipotential line
    ли́ния электропереда́чи [ЛЭП] — (electric) power line
    меня́ть ли́нию электропереда́чи — re-string a power line
    наве́шивать ли́нию электропереда́чи — string a (power) line
    осуществля́ть высокочасто́тную обрабо́тку ли́нии электропереда́чи — install carrier-frequency trapping and coupling equipment on a power line
    ли́ния электропереда́чи (нахо́дится) под напряже́нием — the power line is hot [live]
    ли́ния электропереда́чи, возду́шная — aerial power line
    ли́ния электропереда́чи высо́кого напряже́ния — high-voltage power lire
    ли́ния электропереда́чи, грозоупо́рная — lightning-resistant power line
    ли́ния электропереда́чи, ка́бельная — cable power line
    ли́ния электропереда́чи, подзе́мная — underground [buried] power line
    этало́нная ли́ния — standard line
    ли́ния этало́нной заде́ржки — standard delay line

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > линия

  • 12 lini|a

    /'linja/ f (G D Gpl linii) 1. Mat. line
    - linia krzywa/łamana a curved/broken line
    - linia prosta a straight line
    - połączyć dwa punkty linią prostą to join two points with a straight line
    2. (kreska) line
    - linia ciągła/przerywana a solid/broken line
    - zeszyt w linię a lined a. ruled notebook
    - papier/zeszyt w trzy linie a three-line(d) paper/notebook
    3. przen. line
    - linia świateł a line a. shaft of light
    4. (granica) line
    - linia włosów hairline
    - linia horyzontu the line of the horizon, the skyline
    - linia brzegowa a shoreline, a coastline
    5. (szereg) line, row
    - ustawić krzesła w jednej linii to arrange chairs in a line, to align chairs
    6. (kontur) line, outline
    - opływowa linia samochodu the rounded a. aerodynamic lines of a car
    - klasyczna linia nosa the classic line of sb’s nose
    - linia spódnicy the cut of a skirt
    - suknia o wciętej linii a narrow-waisted dress
    - drzewa odcinały się ciemną linią od nieba the trees cut a dark line on the horizon
    7. Elektr., Telekom. (przewód) line
    - linia telefoniczna a telephone line
    - linia telegraficzna a telegraph wire
    - sieć linii energetycznych an electric(al) power grid
    - linia wysokiego napięcia a high-voltage a. high-tension line
    8. Telekom. (połączenie) line
    - linia była zajęta the line was engaged a. busy US
    - są zakłócenia na linii the line a. connection is bad, the line is crackling
    - bezpłatna linia telefoniczna a freephone number GB, a toll-free number US
    9. (trasa) line, route
    - linia tramwajowa a tram line a. route
    - linia autobusowa a bus route a. service
    - linia kolejowa Warszawa-Kraków the Warsaw-Cracow (railway) line
    - tramwaj linii 33 the number 33 tram
    10. (w tekście) line
    - w ostatniej linii na tej stronie jest błąd there’s a mistake in the last line of the a. this page
    - możesz pisać w tej samej linii you can write on the same line
    11. Techn. line
    - linia produkcyjna/montażowa the production/assembly line
    - linia do rozlewu piwa (butelkowego) a beer bottling line; (puszkowego) a beer canning line
    - uruchomić/zatrzymać linię to start/to stop the line
    12. Wojsk. (stanowiska na froncie) line
    - linia frontu the front line
    - nieprzyjaciel przypuścił atak na całej linii the enemy attacked along the whole front
    - udało im się wydostać poza linię okrążenia they managed to break out of the encirclement
    - walczyć w pierwszej linii to fight in the front line
    - linia umocnień wroga the enemy’s line of fortifications
    - żołnierz z pierwszej linii a front-line soldier
    - krewni w linii prostej relatives a. kin in the direct line, lineal ancestors and descendants
    - powinowaci w linii prostej spouse’s relatives in the direct line
    - krewni z linii matki/ojca relatives on the mother’s/father’s side
    - na nim wygaśnie linia rodu with him the male line of the family will end
    - pochodzić w prostej linii od kogoś to be a direct descendant of sb, to be directly descended from sb
    - linia boczna collateral line
    - linia wstępująca a. wstępna lineal ancestors
    - linia zstępująca a. zstępna lineal descendants
    14. (tendencja) line
    - linia ideologiczna/polityczna (partii) the ideological/political line (of a party)
    - linia obrony/rozumowania a line of defence/thought
    - trzymać się obranej linii postępowania to stick to a chosen course of action
    15. augm. (duża linijka) ruler, rule 16. Druk. line
    - linia pisma a line of type
    - linia tekstu line (of text)
    17. Leśn. clearing 18. (na dłoni) line
    - linia głowy/serca the head/heart line
    - linia losu the line of fate
    - linia życia the life line
    - linie papilarne lines on the palm, fingers, and thumb; dermatoglyphics spec.
    - pobierać odciski linii papilarnych to take sb’s fingerprints
    19. Miary line 20. Sport linia autowa a touchline, a sideline
    - piłka wypadła za linię autową the ball went into touch
    - linia bramkowa a goal line
    - wybić piłkę z linii bramkowej to make a goal-line clearance
    - linia startu/mety the starting/finishing line
    - □ linia demarkacyjna Polit. line of demarcation, demarcation line
    - linia hetmańska/królewska/wieżowa Gry queen/king/rook line
    - linia hodowlana a. krwi Zool. bloodline, (breeding) line
    - linia kosmetyków Kosmet. line a. range of cosmetics
    - linia Maginota Hist. the Maginot line
    - linia melodyczna/kompozycyjna Literat., Muz. melodic/compositional line
    - linia naboczna Anat. lateral line (system)
    - linia opanowana Gry controlled square
    - linia przestrzenna Mat. spatial line
    - linia przesyłowa Elektr. transmission line
    - linia średnicowa Kolej. cross-town line
    - linia telekomunikacyjna Telekom. telecommunication(s) line
    - linia wodna Żegl. waterline
    - linia zabudowy Archit. building line
    - linia zmiany daty Geog. date line, International Date Line
    - linie lotnicze Lotn. airline
    - Polskie Linie Lotnicze "Lot" Lot Polish Airlines
    - linie oceaniczne ocean lines
    ■ pod linię książk. lined up, in a line
    - w linii prostej in a straight a. direct line
    - stąd do miasta jest w linii prostej 5 kilometrów as the crow flies it’s five kilometres from here to the town, the town is five kilometres away as the crow flies
    - na linii oczu at eye level
    - dbać o linię pot. to watch one’s figure
    - mieć a. zachowywać a. trzymać linię pot. to have a good a. slim figure, to keep one’s figure
    - iść po linii najmniejszego oporu pot. to take a. follow the line of least resistance, to take the path of least resistance US
    - klęska/klapa na całej linii a complete disaster/washout
    - ponieść porażkę na całej linii to get a (real) hiding
    - odnieść zwycięstwo na całej linii to win an outright victory
    - przegrał wybory na całej linii he suffered a crushing defeat in the election
    - nowa metoda zawiodła na całej linii the new method has been a complete a. total failure

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > lini|a

  • 13 линия

    1) line

    2) <comput.> path
    – абонентская линия
    – автоматическая линия
    – акустическая линия
    – антистоксова линия
    – атмосферная линия
    – базисная линия
    – бесконечная линия
    – вакуумная линия
    – визирная линия
    – винтовая линия
    – вихревая линия
    – входная линия
    – выносная линия
    – выпускная линия
    – газовая линия
    – геодезическая линия
    – горизонтальная линия
    – горловая линия
    – гребенчатая линия
    – диаграммная линия
    – дислокационная линия
    – дифракционная линия
    – дренажная линия
    – жирная линия
    – заказная линия
    – запрещенная линия
    – заряженная линия
    – знаковая линия
    – золоспускная линия
    – измерительная линия
    – импульсная линия
    – искусственная линия
    – каустическая линия
    – коаксиальная линия
    – командная линия
    – конверсионная линия
    – контактная линия
    – контрольная линия
    – контурная линия
    – короткозамкнутая линия
    – котиальная линия
    – кривая линия
    – критическая линия
    – курсовая линия
    – лазерная линия
    – линия абонентская
    – линия абриса
    – линия автоматическая
    – линия агоническая
    – линия агрегатная
    – линия азимута
    – линия апсид
    – линия базисная
    – линия бесконечная
    – линия бюджета
    – линия валов
    – линия валовая
    – линия визирования
    – линия винтовая
    – линия возмущений
    – линия всасывания
    – линия выборки
    – линия выруливания
    – линия выходов
    – линия давления
    – линия дальности
    – линия движения
    – линия действия
    – линия директорская
    – линия задержки
    – линия заказная
    – линия заказная-переговорная
    – линия залета
    – линия застройки
    – линия изгиба
    – линия изгибания
    – линия излучения
    – линия искусственная
    – линия касания
    – линия качения
    – линия кольцевания
    – линия курса
    – линия лабораторная
    – линия магистральная
    – линия макетная
    – линия Маки
    – линия междугородная
    – линия междукоммутаторная
    – линия нагнетания
    – линия наплавки
    – линия насыщения
    – линия нивелирная
    – линия обрушения
    – линия обтекания
    – линия отвеса
    – линия откоса
    – линия отсчета
    – линия падения
    – линия палубы
    – линия пеленга
    – линия передаточная
    – линия передачи
    – линия перелива
    – линия пересечения
    – линия перспективы
    – линия питания
    – линия поведения
    – линия поглощения
    – линия полета
    – линия положения
    – линия поля
    – линия пригородная
    – линия прогиба
    – линия прокатки
    – линия промерзания
    – линия простирания
    – линия противопомпажная
    – линия пупинизированная
    – линия пути
    – линия развертки
    – линия развертывающаяся
    – линия разгружающая
    – линия раздела
    – линия распространения
    – линия расширения
    – линия регрессии
    – линия резания
    – линия релейная
    – линия рециркуляции
    – линия сброса
    – линия связи
    – линия сжатия
    – линия силовая
    – линия скольжения
    – линия служебная
    – линия смещения
    – линия соединительная
    – линия сплавления
    – линия справочная
    – линия сходимости
    – линия текучести
    – линия тока
    – линия труб
    – линия тяги
    – линия удара
    – линия узлов
    – линия уровня
    – линия фокусов
    – линия хорды
    – линия центров
    – линия цепная
    – линия шетовая
    – линия широты
    – линия шрифта
    – линия щелевая
    – ломаная линия
    – ломанная линия
    – магистральная линия
    – мазерная линия
    – меридианная линия
    – мерная линия
    – многомодовая линия
    – многоотводная линия
    – нагруженная линия
    – наземная линия
    – направляющая линия
    – недиаграммная линия
    – нейтральная линия
    – неоднородная линия
    – несимметричная линия
    – несобственная линия
    – нивелируемая линия
    – нулевая линия
    – образующая линия
    – обратная линия
    – однопроводная линия
    – однородная линия
    – осевая линия
    – основная линия
    – отвесная линия
    – пересекающая линия
    – пилообразная линия
    – питающая линия
    – полуденная линия
    – поточная линия
    – предупредительная линия
    – прерывистая линия
    – прямая линия
    – пунктирная линия
    – радиорелейная линия
    – размерная линия
    – разрешенная линия
    – разрядная линия
    – распадающаяся линия
    – рассогласованная линия
    – растопочная линия
    – регистровая линия
    – резонансная линия
    – сверхструктурная линия
    – сдвоенная линия
    – секущая линия
    – сливная линия
    – слоевая линия
    – согласованная линия
    – соединительная линия
    – спектральная линия
    – спиральная линия
    – сплошная линия
    – справочная линия
    – средняя линия
    – Стоксова линия
    – стрикционная линия
    – телефонная линия
    – технологическая линия
    – трансмиссионная линия
    – узловая линия
    – уравнительная линия
    – фокальная линия
    – форвакуумная линия
    – ходовая линия
    – холостая линия
    – цепная линия
    – штрихпунктирная линия
    – эквипотенциальная линия
    – эталонная линия

    акустическая линия задержки — acoustic delay line, acoustical delay line


    балансная линия дуплекса — duplex artificial line


    верхняя линия шрифта — top line of type face


    визуализированная линия тока — traced stream-line


    водяная линия задержки — water delay line


    воздушная линия связи — aerial line


    волоконнооптическая линия связи — fiber-optic communication link


    входящая соединительная линия — incoming junction route


    высотная линия положения — Sumner position line


    двойная спектральная линия — <geom.> doublet


    двухпроводная линия связи — two-wire line


    двухцепная линия связи — double-circuit line


    демонтировать линия связи — dismantle a line


    длинная линия передачи — long line


    закрытая линия передачи — close line


    замкнутая вихревая линия — closed vortex line


    имеющая N-1-кратную точку линия N-го порядка — monoid


    интенсивная спектральная линия — strong spectral ine


    искусственная линия задержки — artificial delay line


    кабельная линия задержки — cable delay line


    кабельная линия связи — cable line


    кварцевая линия задержки — crystal delay line


    коаксиальная линия задержки — delay cable


    коаксиальная линия передачи — coaxial transmission line


    комбинированная линия связи — composite communication link


    комплексная автоматическая линия — itnegrated manufacturing system


    лазерная линия связи — laser link


    линия абонентская коллективная — party line


    линия видимого горизонта — sky-line


    линия видимого контура — object line


    линия внутренней связи — inland circuit, <commun.> landline


    линия воздушная малой протяженности — <aeron.> short-haul route


    линия воздушная местная — <aeron.> local route


    линия воздушная средней протяженности — <aeron.> medium-haul route


    линия впадин шестерни — line of dents of a gear


    линия временного типа — time line


    линия входящей связи — incoming line


    линия двоякой кривизны — line of double curvature


    линия действительного горизонта — true-horizon line


    линия действия силы — line of action of a force


    линия действия силы тяжести — gravitational verrtical


    линия действия тяги — thrust line


    линия для определения азимута калибровочная — <commun.> lubber line


    линия жесткой тяги — < railways> pipe line


    линия заданного пути — course line


    линия задержки без потерь — dissipationless delay line


    линия задержки дискретная — <electr.> tapped delay line


    линия задержки с корректированной характеристикой — equalized delay line


    линия зацепления головок — head-line of contact


    линия излучения лазера — laser emission line


    линия исходящей связи — outgoing line, outward line


    линия коллективного пользования — party line


    линия комбинационного рассеяния — <opt.> Raman line


    линия курса курсового маяка — localizer course


    линия метеорной связи — meteor-burst link


    линия наиболее крутого спуска — steepest descent


    линия наименьшего сопротивления — <phys.> line of least resistance


    линия начала отсчета — fiducial line


    линия невидимого контура — invisible line


    линия нулевого магнитного склонения — <geod.> agonic line


    линия нулевого склонения — zeroic line


    линия нулевых значений — by-pass line


    линия основания картины — axis of homology


    линия от транзитной станции к оконечной — tandem-completing trunk


    линия передачи без потерь — loss-free line


    линия передачи данных — data line


    линия поверхностной волны — < radio> surface wave line


    линия погруженная в масло — potted line


    линия подачи или питания — feeder


    линия положения самолета — aircraft-position line


    линия постоянной скорости — isovel


    линия прокрутки меню — scroll bar


    линия прямой видимости — line-of-sight


    линия равного потенциала — equipotential line


    линия равных высот — line of equal elevation


    линия равных пеленгов самолета — line of bearings


    линия равных скоростей — isotach


    линия радиотелефонной связи — radiotelephone circuit


    линия разъема модели — parting line of a pattern


    линия разъема формы — parting line of a mold


    линия разъема штампа — die line


    линия с большим затуханием — lossy line


    линия связи волоконно-оптическая — <commun.> fiber-optics communication line


    линия сетки координат — grid line


    линия скачка уплотнения — shock line


    линия соединительная межстанционная — interoffice trunk


    линия соединительная промежуточной станции — tandem trunk


    линия спускная аварийная — <energ.> drop-out line


    линия точного нивелирования — <geod.> line of precise level


    линия фактического пути — track made good


    линия форм рельефа — form line


    линия центров давления — center-of-pressure line


    линия четырехвалковых клетей — quarto train


    линия эталонной задержки — standard delay line


    ложная спектральная линия — ghost spectral line


    магнитная силовая линия — magnetic line of force


    местная линия связи — local circuit


    многократная линия задержки — multiple delay line


    многопроводная линия передачи — multiwire line


    нейтральная линия калибра — neutral line of a groove


    никелевая линия задержки — nickel delay line


    общая линия связи — collective line


    однопроводная линия передачи — single-wire transmission


    однопроводная линия связи — single-wire circuit


    открытая линия передачи — open transmission line


    печатная линия передачи — printed line


    полуволновая линия передачи — half-wave line


    предельная линия прогружения — margin line


    пригородная линия связи — suburban line


    проволочная линия задержки — wire delay line


    прямолинейная автоматическая линия — in-line transfer machine


    радиорелейная линия связи — microwave relay link


    разделительная линия тока — discriminating stream-line


    расчетная линия сопротивления — calculated line of resistance


    регулируемая линия задержки — variable delay line


    релейная линия радиосвязи — microwave radio link


    ретрансляционная линия связи — relay link


    ртутная линия задержки — mercury delay line, mercury tank


    секционная линия задержки — <electr.> tapped delay line


    сквозная соединительная линия — feedthrough line


    слабая спектральная линия — faint spectral line


    служебная линия связи — ordeneer's order wire


    согласованная линия передачи — matched transmission line


    спаренная линия связи — two-party line


    спектральная линия поглощения — absorption spectral line


    спиральная линия задержки — helial delay line


    спутниковая линия связи — satellite communication link


    средняя линия валков — roll parting line


    средняя линия трапеции — median of a trapezoid


    столбовая линия связи — pole line


    сходить с поточной линия — roll of a production line


    твердотельная линия задержки — solid-state line


    телефонная абонентская линия — telephone loop


    тропосферная линия связи — troposcatter link


    узкополосная линия передачи — narrow-band line


    ультразвуковая линия задержки — ultrasonic delay line


    уплотненная линия связи — multiplexed line


    цепная многозвенная линия — <tech.> ladder network


    частная линия связи — multischedule private line


    широкополосная линия передачи — wide-band line

    Русско-английский технический словарь > линия

  • 14 plato principal

    m.
    main course, piece de resistance, entrée, main dish.
    * * *
    (n.) = entrée, main entrée
    Ex. It can be made from any mashed starchy vegetable and used as an accompaniment for a meat or fish entree.
    Ex. At least 20 different main entree items, side entree items and appetizers will be made available to taste.
    * * *
    (n.) = entrée, main entrée

    Ex: It can be made from any mashed starchy vegetable and used as an accompaniment for a meat or fish entree.

    Ex: At least 20 different main entree items, side entree items and appetizers will be made available to taste.

    * * *
    main course

    Spanish-English dictionary > plato principal

  • 15 линия лини·я

    1) (поведение) line, policy, course

    вести линию на что-л. — to direct one's efforts towards smth., to pursue a line to smth.

    пойти по линии наименьшего сопротивления — to take / to follow the line of least resistance

    проводить жёсткую (ужесточать) политическую линию — to take a hard / strong line

    сдержанная / умеренная политическая линия — soft line

    линия, проводимая правительством для завоевания популярности — pork-barrel politics

    базисная / исходная линия — baseline

    береговая линия — beachline, coastline

    демаркационная линия — line of demarcation, demarcation line

    пограничная линия — boundary / border line

    линия перемирия / прекращения огня — cease-fire line

    4) (электросвязь и т.п.) line

    коммуникационная линия, линия коммуникаций — line of communication, communication line

    линия прямой связи между правительствами — direct communication line between the governments; hot line

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > линия лини·я

  • 16 линия

    ж. (в разн. знач.)
    line

    прямая линия — straight / right line

    боковая линия ( о родстве) — collateral line, branch

    линия прицеливания — line of aim; line of sight амер.

    проводить линию — draw* a line; (перен.) carry out a policy

    вести, гнуть свою линию — follow / go* one's own way

    ♢ пойти по линия (рд.) — take course (of)

    линия поведения — line of conduct, policy

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > линия

  • 17 линия

    ж.

    пряма́я ли́ния — straight / right line

    крива́я ли́ния — curve

    перпендикуля́рная ли́ния — perpendicular (line)

    паралле́льная ли́ния — parallel (line)

    2) (обозначение предела, уровня, направления) line; limit, boundary

    снегова́я ли́ния — snow line

    ли́ния прице́ла — line of aim; line of sight амер.

    ли́ния по́ля спорт — boundary

    ли́ния свя́зи — communication line

    возду́шная ли́ния — air route [ruːt]

    железнодоро́жная ли́ния — railway line брит.; railroad line амер.

    бокова́я ли́ния родства́ — collateral line / branch

    пото́мок по мужско́й ли́нии — descendant in the male line

    ли́ния укрепле́ний — series of field-works

    6) (направление, образ действий, мыслей) line, policy

    ли́ния поведе́ния — line of conduct, policy

    проводи́ть ли́нию (на вн.) — carry out [pursue] a policy (of)

    вести́ / гнуть свою́ ли́нию — follow / go one's own way

    сторо́нник жёсткой ли́нии — hard-liner

    ••

    по ли́нии (рд.) в знач. предл. — 1) (под эгидой, при поддержке) under the auspices (of), with the support (of) 2) ( через посредство) through

    по официа́льной ли́нии — officially

    семина́р по ли́нии ООН — a UN-sponsored seminar

    све́дения, полу́ченные по ли́нии партнёров — information received through / from partners

    пойти́ по ли́нии (рд.) — take the course (of)

    идти́ по ли́нии наиме́ньшего сопротивле́ния — take / follow the line of the least resistance

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > линия

  • 18 по линии

    (чего-л.) in the area of, in relation to, as far as smth. is concerned (в сфере чего-л.); in, by, through

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > по линии

  • 19 plato fuerte

    m.
    main course, entrée, main dish, piece de resistance.
    * * *
    (de una comida) main course 2 (de un acto) main attraction 3 (de un espectáculo) star attraction
    * * *
    (Coc) main course; ( de un espectáculo) pièce de résistance; su conferencia fue el plato fuerte del día his lecture was the high point of the day
    * * *
    (n.) = main dish, strong point, entrée, main entrée
    Ex. Mandarin oranges are little segments of bright citrus flavor suitable for salads, vegetables, main dishes and, of course, desserts.
    Ex. One of the strong points of the DIALOG service is the documentation.
    Ex. It can be made from any mashed starchy vegetable and used as an accompaniment for a meat or fish entree.
    Ex. At least 20 different main entree items, side entree items and appetizers will be made available to taste.
    * * *
    (Coc) main course; ( de un espectáculo) pièce de résistance; su conferencia fue el plato fuerte del día his lecture was the high point of the day
    * * *
    (n.) = main dish, strong point, entrée, main entrée

    Ex: Mandarin oranges are little segments of bright citrus flavor suitable for salads, vegetables, main dishes and, of course, desserts.

    Ex: One of the strong points of the DIALOG service is the documentation.
    Ex: It can be made from any mashed starchy vegetable and used as an accompaniment for a meat or fish entree.
    Ex: At least 20 different main entree items, side entree items and appetizers will be made available to taste.

    Spanish-English dictionary > plato fuerte

  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

См. также в других словарях:

  • line of least resistance — or[path of least resistance] {n. phr.} The easiest way; the way that takes least effort. * /In becoming a doctor like his father John had really just followed the line of least resistance./ * /Some parents take the path of least resistance with… …   Dictionary of American idioms

  • line of least resistance — or[path of least resistance] {n. phr.} The easiest way; the way that takes least effort. * /In becoming a doctor like his father John had really just followed the line of least resistance./ * /Some parents take the path of least resistance with… …   Dictionary of American idioms

  • line\ of\ least\ resistance — • (the) line of least resistance • (the) path of least resistance n. phr. the easiest way; the way that takes least effort. In becoming a doctor like his father John had really just followed the line of least resistance. Some parents take the… …   Словарь американских идиом

  • path\ of\ least\ resistance — • (the) line of least resistance • (the) path of least resistance n. phr. the easiest way; the way that takes least effort. In becoming a doctor like his father John had really just followed the line of least resistance. Some parents take the… …   Словарь американских идиом

  • line of least resistance — noun the easiest way In marrying him she simply took the path of least resistance • Syn: ↑path of least resistance • Hypernyms: ↑fashion * * * 1. : the shortest distance between the center of an underground charge of explosive and the open air …   Useful english dictionary

  • line of least resistance — • line of least resistance • the path of least resistance the easiest (though probably not the best) way or course of action (same as to take the easy way out) …   Idioms and examples

  • the\ line\ of\ least\ resistance — • (the) line of least resistance • (the) path of least resistance n. phr. the easiest way; the way that takes least effort. In becoming a doctor like his father John had really just followed the line of least resistance. Some parents take the… …   Словарь американских идиом

  • the\ path\ of\ least\ resistance — • (the) line of least resistance • (the) path of least resistance n. phr. the easiest way; the way that takes least effort. In becoming a doctor like his father John had really just followed the line of least resistance. Some parents take the… …   Словарь американских идиом

  • the path of least resistance — • line of least resistance • the path of least resistance the easiest (though probably not the best) way or course of action (same as to take the easy way out) …   Idioms and examples

  • the line (or path) of least resistance — the easiest course of action. → resistance …   English new terms dictionary

  • the line of least resistance — ► the line (or path) of least resistance the easiest course of action. Main Entry: ↑resistance …   English terms dictionary

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